Interesting properties of Opuntia ’s cladodes: an updated review

Abstract

Opuntia, cactus plants native to Mexico, have adapted to arid and semi-arid environments through Crassulacean acid metabolism. With over 150 species, they are found across the Americas, Africa, Australia, India, and the Mediterranean, prized for water storage and ecological implications. Rich in bioactive compounds, Opuntia are gaining attention in nutrition, phytochemistry, and technological uses. This review updates knowledge on Opuntia cladodes, explores novel uses like vegetable coatings, evaluates how preservation and cooking impact nutrition, and delves into consumer preferences. Opuntia is common in Mexican and global cuisine, with potential as an edible coating. Opuntia-derived biopolymer films reduce plastic dependency, are eco-friendly, and have varied applications. Research on mucilage’s antimicrobial properties and alternative uses is ongoing. Opuntia’s underutilised status presents numerous opportunities for innovation across food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and material science sectors, with potential benefits including climate resilience and economic empowerment of communities. Continuous research aims to fully exploit their potential for societal and environmental benefit