Reflexividad, imaginación y empatía en la concepción arendtiana del juicio moral

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06/2011
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Universidad de Los Andes
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Dikaiosyne
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2222-6613
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Estudios recientes de índole empírica han demostrado el importante papel que las afecciones empáticas estarían llamadas a jugar en la moralidad, fundamentalmente en la órbita de los denominados ´juicios morales´. Definida como "una reacción afectiva más adecuada a la situación de otro que a la propia" (Hoffman), lo que la empatía desarrollaría en nosotros, los seres humanos, es una capacidad para ponernos en zapatos ajenos tomando en consideración aquellos aspectos inadvertidos de la vida de los otros que podrían resultar sumamente relevantes al momento de juzgar sus acciones, actitudes o rasgos del carácter desde un punto de vista imparcial. En sus "Conferencias sobre la filosofía política de Kant", Hannah Arendt, advertida sobre el increíble potencial contenido en las capacidades imaginativa y reflexiva tal como habían sido exploradas en "La crítica del juicio", esto es, como cuestiones que suscitaban un interés eminentemente estético, realizó un intento de re-apropiarse del significado de estas nociones situándolas en el terreno práctico (tanto político como moral). Sin embargo, a diferencia de aquellos estudios empíricos que en años recientes vinieron a rescatar la reflexividad y la imaginación, H. Arendt rechazó la empatía. El objetivo que me he propuesto en el presente trabajo, pues, consistirá en explorar los motivos que pudieron haberla inducido a efectuar este rechazo, tarea que llevaré adelante no sin antes reconstruir críticamente su pensamiento de forma tal que lleguen a exhibirse cuáles serían los prejuicios teóricos y epistemológicos de mayor o menor envergadura que le habrían impedido adoptar una perspectiva diferente.
Recent studies of an empirical nature have demonstrated the important role that empathetic affections are called upon to play in the moral field, primarily in the orbit of the so-called ‘moral judgments.’ Defined as “an affective response more appropriate to someone else’s situation than to one’s own situation” (Hoffman), what empathy develops in human beings is an imaginative ability to put ourselves in other person’s shoes by taking into account those unnoticed aspects of their lives that could be very relevant when judging their actions, attitudes or traits of character from an impartial point of view. In her Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy, Hannah Arendt, aware of the incredible potential enclosed in the imaginative and refl ective abilities such as were explored in The Critique of Judgement, that is, as issues that demanded a purely aesthetic concern, made an attempt to re-appropriate the meaning of these notions by situating them in the practical (both political and moral) territory. However, unlike those empirical studies that in recent years came to rescue refl exivity and imagination, H. Arendt rejected empathy. Therefore, my main focus in this paper will be to explore the reasons that might have led her to this rejection, a task that I will not carry out without critically rebuilding her thought in such a manner that all the theoretical as well as the epistemological prejudices she had fi nally become visible. At the same time, I will try to show how a different perspective must have been, even for her, perfectly available.
Recent studies of an empirical nature have demonstrated the important role that empathetic affections are called upon to play in the moral field, primarily in the orbit of the so-called ‘moral judgments.’ Defined as “an affective response more appropriate to someone else’s situation than to one’s own situation” (Hoffman), what empathy develops in human beings is an imaginative ability to put ourselves in other person’s shoes by taking into account those unnoticed aspects of their lives that could be very relevant when judging their actions, attitudes or traits of character from an impartial point of view. In her Lectures on Kant’s Political Philosophy, Hannah Arendt, aware of the incredible potential enclosed in the imaginative and refl ective abilities such as were explored in The Critique of Judgement, that is, as issues that demanded a purely aesthetic concern, made an attempt to re-appropriate the meaning of these notions by situating them in the practical (both political and moral) territory. However, unlike those empirical studies that in recent years came to rescue refl exivity and imagination, H. Arendt rejected empathy. Therefore, my main focus in this paper will be to explore the reasons that might have led her to this rejection, a task that I will not carry out without critically rebuilding her thought in such a manner that all the theoretical as well as the epistemological prejudices she had fi nally become visible. At the same time, I will try to show how a different perspective must have been, even for her, perfectly available.
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