Extra virgin olive oil phenolic compounds: modulating mitochondrial function and protecting against chronic diseases—a narrative review

Abstract

Background: Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), an essential element of the Mediterraneandiet (MedDiet), has demonstrated considerable potential in improving mitochondrialhealth and protecting against chronic diseases. This narrative review aims to explorehow the main phenolic compounds found in EVOO—hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, and oleocanthal—contribute to mitochondrial health by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.Methods: A search for scientific evidence was carried out between October 2024 and March2025 in different bibliographic databases such as PubMed,Web of Science, Embase, SciSpace,and ResearchRabbit databases. The search strategy included combinations of termssuch as “extra virgin olive oil”, “EVOO polyphenols”, “mitochondrial function”, “oxidativestress”, “inflammation”, “mitophagy”, and “chronic diseases”. Preclinical, clinical, andmechanistic studies were included, giving priority to peer-reviewed publications. Results:This narrative review shows how some bioactive components of EVOO activate cellularpathways, such as mTOR, AMPK and sirtuins, which promote mitochondrial biogenesis,improve the efficiency of the electron transport chain, and protect mitochondrial DNAintegrity. Furthermore, EVOO improves mitochondrial membrane fluidity and integrity,ensuring its functionality and efficiency. On the other hand, nutrition literacy, an importantcomponent of health, is a critical determinant of people’s eating behaviors. Conclusions:Although recent scientific evidence supports the metabolic benefits of EVOO componentson mitochondrial metabolism and function, further nutritional intervention studies withthese components are recommended to confirm their clinical relevance as a dietary toolaimed at preventing and/or delaying age-related metabolic diseases.