Niveles de Actividad de Biomarcadores Fisiológicos y Bioquímicos Enzimáticos y No Enzimáticos en Raíces y Hojas de Plántulas de Bidens laevis expuesta a concentraciones crecientes de Monensina

Abstract

Monensin (MON), a widely used ionophore antibiotic in livestock production, has been increasingly detected in aquatic environments, yet its phytotoxic effects remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the responses of the aquatic macrophyte Bidens laevis to MON through germination, growth, and physiological biomarkers under controlled conditions. MON effects were concentration-and time-dependent: higher concentrations stimulated radicle elongation in seeds but inhibited root and seedling growth, while environmentally relevant levels (≤100 µg L−1) induced some oxidative stress responses in shoots after 48 h. Photosynthetic pigments exhibited no consistent signs of phytotoxicity. Overall, B. laevis showed a high tolerance to MON exposure, suggesting its potential role as a promising candidate species for the phytoremediation of antibiotic-contaminated aquatic systems, particularly in livestock-intensive regions.