El significado de la preposición 'de': un enfoque cognitivo-prototípico

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Fecha
06/2012
Editorial
Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades
Revista
Boletín de Filología
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0718-9303
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Español
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Resumen
El carácter léxico de la preposición ‘de’ no siempre ha sido reconocido debidamente por cuanto las preposiciones no pueden funcionar independientemente y por la variedad de significados que se les atribuye. Considerando este vacío teórico, el presente trabajo, enmarcado en el Enfoque Cognitivo-Prototípico (Lakoff 1987; Langacker 1987, 1991; Hopper 1988; Geeraerts 2007; entre otros), plantea las siguientes hipótesis: a) los distintos valores semánticos de la preposición ‘de’ (en construcciones adnominales) están organizados sistemáticamente y configuran un ítem polisémico; b) el ítem polisémico ‘de’ se caracteriza por organizarse (1) mediante una estructura de categoría radial (Lakoff 1987), (2) sobre la base del modelo cognitivo idealizado del punto de referencia (Langacker 1991) y (3) a partir de los atributos de Taylor (1995) para el uso posesivo, que es el uso prototípico; c) finalmente, las construcciones con ‘de’ que se alejan del valor prototípico siguen guardando relación semántico-pragmática con este por ‘semejanza de familia’ (Wittgenstein 1988[1953]; Lakoff 1987). Esta relación de semejanza contempla tanto la pérdida como el agregado de atributos no presentes en la zona prototípica. Para demostrar estas hipótesis, se analizaron cualitativamente diversos ejemplos de las extensiones semánticas surgidas del sentido central de posesión. Los ejemplos fueron seleccionados de un corpus oral del español de Buenos Aires.
The lexical nature of the preposition ‘de’ has not always been recognized duly. This is because prepositions cannot work independently and also because of the variety of meanings that they convey. In view of this theoretical gap, the present study –in line with the Prototypical-Cognitive Approach (Lakoff 1987, Langacker 1987, 1991, Hopper 1988, Geeraerts 2007, among others)– formulates the following hypotheses: a) the different semantic values of the preposition ‘de’ (in nominal constructions) are systematically organized and constitute a polysemous item; b) the polysemous item ‘de’ is characterized by being organized (1) by a radial structure (Lakoff 1987), (2) on the basis of the idealized cognitive model of ‘reference point’ (Langacker 1991); and (3) through Taylor’s (1995) attributes for possessive use, which is its prototypical meaning. Finally, the constructions with ‘de’ which deviate from the prototypical values maintain a semantico-pragmatic relationship with them by means of the notion of ‘family resemblance’ (Wittgenstein 1988[1953]; Lakoff 1987). This resemblance relationship includes both the loss and addition of attributes not present within the prototypical area. In order to test hypotheses, different examples of the semantic extensions derived from the central meaning of possession were analysed qualitatively. The data being described was selected from an oral corpus of Buenos Aires Spanish.
The lexical nature of the preposition ‘de’ has not always been recognized duly. This is because prepositions cannot work independently and also because of the variety of meanings that they convey. In view of this theoretical gap, the present study –in line with the Prototypical-Cognitive Approach (Lakoff 1987, Langacker 1987, 1991, Hopper 1988, Geeraerts 2007, among others)– formulates the following hypotheses: a) the different semantic values of the preposition ‘de’ (in nominal constructions) are systematically organized and constitute a polysemous item; b) the polysemous item ‘de’ is characterized by being organized (1) by a radial structure (Lakoff 1987), (2) on the basis of the idealized cognitive model of ‘reference point’ (Langacker 1991); and (3) through Taylor’s (1995) attributes for possessive use, which is its prototypical meaning. Finally, the constructions with ‘de’ which deviate from the prototypical values maintain a semantico-pragmatic relationship with them by means of the notion of ‘family resemblance’ (Wittgenstein 1988[1953]; Lakoff 1987). This resemblance relationship includes both the loss and addition of attributes not present within the prototypical area. In order to test hypotheses, different examples of the semantic extensions derived from the central meaning of possession were analysed qualitatively. The data being described was selected from an oral corpus of Buenos Aires Spanish.
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