Ancient DNA studies: Use of ethnonyms and collaborative research in South America

Abstract

The sudden proliferation in ancient DNA (aDNA) studies has prompted critical thinking on the subject and the development of recommendations that can be framed within the “Ethics, Legal and Social Implications”. The outcomes of these self-reviewing exercises have regional particularities in terms of their application and regulation. Aiming to contribute to these debates in South America, we focused on examining two aspects of aDNA studies: the use of ethnonyms and the evidence of collaborative research. We compiled 68 articles reporting genetic data from South American archaeological sites. First, we recorded edition and research-related general characteristics. Second, the discourse was analyzed searching for ethical-related issues like the use of ethnonyms, the justification for its usage, and evidences of collaborative approaches. Many articles included no information on the permits granted for analysis (44%) and the custody of the human remains (49%). Besides, ethnonyms were used in 41% of the studies mostly without any explicit justification. Finally, only 7% of the studies exhibited some evidence of a collaborative approach. These results help problematize and reflect on the ways of undertaking aDNA studies in the South American context, the limitations of scientific communication, and the social repercussions of these studies.