Copper(II) Complexes with Saccharinate and Glutamine as Antitumor Agents: Cytoand Genotoxicity in Human Osteosarcoma Cells

Abstract

We report herein the antitumor actions of three copper (II) complexes on MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. The three complexes: Cu-sac, Cu-gln and Cu-sac-gln (sac= saccharinate, gln= glutamine) caused a decline in cell viability. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration in MG-63 cells for Cu-sac-gln is 170 μM, showing the strongest antiproliferative effect. Moreover, only Cu-sac-gln caused a decrease in the mitochondrial activity from 100 μM. Our results indicate that the copper (II) complexes studied here produce DNA damage and suggest that the rise of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the central mechanism action. Genotoxicity studied by the Cytokinesis-block micronucleus (MN) assay and the Single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay) could be observed in MG-63 cells treated with Cu-sac-gln from 100 and 50 μM, respectively. Cu-sac and Cu-gln also induced DNA damage; however their effect was definitively weaker. The generation of reactive oxygen species increased from 50 μM of Cu-sac-gln and Cu-sac and only from 250 μM of Cu-gln, as well as a reduction of the GSH/GSSG ratio from 50 μM. When cells were treated with several concentrations of the complexes in addition to a combination of 50 μM of vitamin C plus 50 μM of vitamin E, a total recovery in cell survival was obtained for Cu-gln in the whole range of tested concentrations while only a partial viability recovery was obtained from 250 μM of Cu-sac and Cu-sac-gln. Overall, our results point to a differential cyto-and genotoxicity of the three copper (II) complexes and demonstrate that the complexation with both ligands confers the most potent antitumor action in human osteosarcoma cells.