Análisis de la distribución de la orientación de fibras discontinuas en piezas de matriz termoplástica fabricadas mediante moldeo por inyección: evaluación experimental y simulación 3D

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2018-03-23
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El moldeo por inyección depolímeros termoplásticos reforzados con fibras discontinuas ha generado en lasúltimas décadas un gran interés en la manufactura de piezas de resistenciamecánica específica elevada utilizadas principalmente en aplicacionessemi-estructurales. El conocimiento de la relación entre variables deprocesamiento, microestructura y desempeño final y la predicción de laorientación de las fibras en estos materiales, con precisión cuantitativa, resultancruciales para el avance tecnológico. Sin embargo, las anteriores, son tareasdificultosas debido a la anisotropía inherente producida por el flujo delpolímero fundido durante el llenado de la cavidad de moldeo y al efecto de lasinteracciones que se presentan entre las fibras cuando se encuentran enconcentraciones elevadas. Esta situación se produce en la mayoría de las piezasde interés comercial. Por tal motivo, elobjetivo general de esta tesis fue estudiar en profundidad el moldeo por inyecciónde polímeros termoplásticos semicristalinos reforzados con fibras cortasdiscontinuas, utilizando la simulación computacional para el análisis delentorno termo-mecánico en el llenado del molde y el alineamiento de las fibrasproducido por el flujo en la misma etapa del proceso. Se determinóexperimentalmente la distribución de orientación de fibras (FOD, de la sigla eninglés fiber orientation distribution)y se realizó la predicción de la misma mediante la implementación de unametodología de simulación validada en distintos sistemas materiales fibra-matrizy geometrías complejas que presentan defectos inducidos por el flujo y/osingularidades geométricas.De manera específica y conel objetivo de constituir un aporte original al estado del arte, se buscóademás dilucidar en qué grado las técnicas de caracterización experimental dela orientación bidimensionales convencionalmente utilizadas (microscopíaóptica), las últimas técnicas de caracterización tridimensionales (tomografíacomputarizada) y los modelos de simulación de flujo y predicción de orientaciónfibras existentes, todas técnicas y modelos aplicados a geometrías analíticassimples con patrones de flujo ideales en la mayoría de los casos de laliteratura, son adecuados para caracterizar la distribución de orientación defibras y la estructura de capas en el espesor (característica de los polímerossemicristalinos) en piezas con características particulares, extrapolables apiezas que se fabrican a escala industrial.
Injection molding of discontinuous short fiber reinforced composites (SFRC) has generated in the last decades a great interest in the manufacture of pieces of high specific mechanical resistance used mainly in semi-structural applications. The knowledge of the relationship between processing variables, microstructure and final performance and the prediction of fiber orientation in these materials, with quantitative precision, are crucial for the technological advance. However, the above are difficult tasks due to the inherent anisotropy produced by the flow of the molten polymer during the filling of the molding cavity and the effect of the interactions that occur between the fibers when they are in high concentrations. This is the case in most of the components of commercial interest. For this reason, the general objective of this thesis was to study in depth the injection molding of semicrystalline thermoplastic polymers reinforced with discontinuous short fibers, using computational simulation for the analysis of the thermo-mechanical environment in the filling of the mold and the alignment of the fibers produced by the fiow in the same stage of the process. The fiber orientation distribution (FOD) was experimentally determined and its prediction was carried out through the implementation of a simulation methodology validated in different fiber-matrix material systems and complex geometries that present defects induced by the flow and / or geometric singularities. In a specific way and with the aim of constituting an original contribution to the state of the art, we also sought to clarify to what extent the techniques of experimental characterization of the two- dimensional orientation conventionally used (optical microscopy), the latest three-dimensional characterization techniques (computed tomography) and the models of simulation of flow and prediction of orientation existing fibers, all techniques and models applied to simple analytical geometries with ideal flow patterns in most of the cases of the literature, are adequate to characterize the distribution of orientation of fibers and the structure of layers in the thickness (characteristic of semicrystalline polymers) in pieces with particular characteristics, extrapolated to pieces that are manufactured on an industrial scale.
Injection molding of discontinuous short fiber reinforced composites (SFRC) has generated in the last decades a great interest in the manufacture of pieces of high specific mechanical resistance used mainly in semi-structural applications. The knowledge of the relationship between processing variables, microstructure and final performance and the prediction of fiber orientation in these materials, with quantitative precision, are crucial for the technological advance. However, the above are difficult tasks due to the inherent anisotropy produced by the flow of the molten polymer during the filling of the molding cavity and the effect of the interactions that occur between the fibers when they are in high concentrations. This is the case in most of the components of commercial interest. For this reason, the general objective of this thesis was to study in depth the injection molding of semicrystalline thermoplastic polymers reinforced with discontinuous short fibers, using computational simulation for the analysis of the thermo-mechanical environment in the filling of the mold and the alignment of the fibers produced by the fiow in the same stage of the process. The fiber orientation distribution (FOD) was experimentally determined and its prediction was carried out through the implementation of a simulation methodology validated in different fiber-matrix material systems and complex geometries that present defects induced by the flow and / or geometric singularities. In a specific way and with the aim of constituting an original contribution to the state of the art, we also sought to clarify to what extent the techniques of experimental characterization of the two- dimensional orientation conventionally used (optical microscopy), the latest three-dimensional characterization techniques (computed tomography) and the models of simulation of flow and prediction of orientation existing fibers, all techniques and models applied to simple analytical geometries with ideal flow patterns in most of the cases of the literature, are adequate to characterize the distribution of orientation of fibers and the structure of layers in the thickness (characteristic of semicrystalline polymers) in pieces with particular characteristics, extrapolated to pieces that are manufactured on an industrial scale.
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