The “National Champions” strategy in Brazil: Insights from JBS, VALE and AB-INBEV’ internationalization process (2003-2018)

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Fecha
03/2024
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Center of Political Economy
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Brazilian Journal of Political Economy
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1809-4538
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Um elemento básico da nova política econômica dos governos do PT no Brasil tem sido a busca pela internacionalização de um grupo seleto de empresas nacionais. De 2003 a 2013, o Estado brasileiro promoveu a globalização dessas empresas por meio de diversas políticas públicas, com o objetivo principal de posicionar a maior parte delas no escalão superior de seus respectivos setores globalmente. Ao mesmo tempo, a internacionalização foi uma das principais estratégias “defensivas” adotadas pelas principais empresas brasileiras desde os anos ‘90, tornando-se uma verdadeira “estratégia global” nos últimos 20 anos para lidar com tendências profundamente transformadoras em nível mundial. Aqui, olhamos especificamente para o caminho de internacionalização seguido pela JBS, VALE e AB-INBEV, destacando padrões comuns como a realização de trajetórias expansivas caracterizadas por fases distintas e cumulativas de consolidação; penetração de indústrias mundiais em rápida concentração; uma tendência comum à dispersão do controle acionário, aquisição estrangeira e deslocalização das atividades centrais nos principais mercados; crescente financeirização dos negócios; emergência da China como principal mercado de referência. Concluímos que as trajetórias de internacionalização da JBS, VALE e AB-INBEV apresentam algumas deficiências na estratégia dos “Campeões Nacionais”. No entanto, alertamos contra a tentação de considerar os resultados mistos dessa estratégia simplesmente como um “fracasso” da nova política industrial como um todo.
A staple of the PT governments’ new economic policy in Brazil has been the pursue of the internationalization of a selected group of domestic firms. From 2003 to 2013, the Brazilian State has promoted the globalization of such firms through various public policies, with the main goal being to position the most of them in the upper echelon of their respective industry globally. At the same time, internationalization had been a primary “defensive” strategy adopted by leading Brazilian firms since the ‘90s, turned in a truly “global strategy” in the last 20 years to deal with deeply transformative trends at world level. Here we look specifically at the internationalization path followed by JBS, VALE and AB-INBEV, highlighting common patterns such as undertaking expansive trajectories characterized by distinctive and cumulative phases of consolidation; penetrating rapidly concentrating world industries; a common tendency to dispersion of shareholding control, foreign takeover and delocalization of central activities in major markets; growing financialization of business; emergency of China as main market of reference. We conclude that the internationalization trajectories of JBS, VALE and AB-INBEV show some shortcomings in the “National Champions” strategy. Nonetheless, we warn against the temptation of regarding the mixed results of this strategy as simply a “failure” of the new industrial policy as a whole.
A staple of the PT governments’ new economic policy in Brazil has been the pursue of the internationalization of a selected group of domestic firms. From 2003 to 2013, the Brazilian State has promoted the globalization of such firms through various public policies, with the main goal being to position the most of them in the upper echelon of their respective industry globally. At the same time, internationalization had been a primary “defensive” strategy adopted by leading Brazilian firms since the ‘90s, turned in a truly “global strategy” in the last 20 years to deal with deeply transformative trends at world level. Here we look specifically at the internationalization path followed by JBS, VALE and AB-INBEV, highlighting common patterns such as undertaking expansive trajectories characterized by distinctive and cumulative phases of consolidation; penetrating rapidly concentrating world industries; a common tendency to dispersion of shareholding control, foreign takeover and delocalization of central activities in major markets; growing financialization of business; emergency of China as main market of reference. We conclude that the internationalization trajectories of JBS, VALE and AB-INBEV show some shortcomings in the “National Champions” strategy. Nonetheless, we warn against the temptation of regarding the mixed results of this strategy as simply a “failure” of the new industrial policy as a whole.
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