Creatividad, adaptación y resistencia: Ychoalay, un cacique abipón en la frontera austral del Chaco (Siglo XVIII)

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Fecha
03/2011
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Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones Geohistóricas
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Folia Histórica del Nordeste
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0325-8238
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Resumen
Las reducciones jesuíticas fundadas para los grupos abipones en el Chaco austral (entre 1748 y 1763) fueron enclaves fronterizos que generaron numerosas y nuevas formas de interacción. Portales entre un mundo colonial y un espacio indígena, sitios biológica y culturalmente mestizos, estos espacios propiciaron la circulación y el intercambio de bienes, personas e ideas, generando nuevas posibilidades sociales, económicas y políticas que los abipones, y especialmente sus líderes, supieron amoldar en función de sus propios intereses. En este trabajo proponemos abordar dicho proceso a partir de la reconstrucción y análisis de la trayectoria particular de un cacique abipón, Ychoalay, personaje clave en la fundación, desarrollo y mantenimiento del pueblo de San Jerónimo de abipones. Como veremos, este cacique supo adaptarse de manera flexible a las diferentes coyunturas históricas y gestar vínculos estratégicos que le permitieran interactuar tanto con sus seguidores indígenas como con distintos funcionarios de la sociedad colonial. A través de su trayectoria, Ychoalay nos permitió delinear la compleja coyuntura colonial del siglo XVIII y la capacidad indígena de elegir entre el abanico de posibilidades, manipulando lo establecido mediante un proceso dinámico de adaptación y transformación que, en el proceso mismo de la interacción, halló los caminos para el mantenimiento de la autonomía indígena.
Between 1748 and 1763 Jesuit reductions were settled in southern Chaco for the Abipones, soon becoming border enclaves with a strong interaction. These spaces in-between the colonial and indigenous worlds generated an intense biological and cultural miscegenation which led to the circulation of goods, people and ideas. In other words, new social, political and economic opportunities challenged the Abipones, and especially their leaders took advantage of them. This paper studies the above-mentioned process based on the reconstruction and analysis of cacique Ycholay’s life trajectory since he played a key role in the foundation and development of San Jerónimo, a town of Abipones. He was flexible enough and knew how to adapt to the changing historical circumstances, he also developed strategic links with his indigenous followers and several colonial authorities. His life trajectory enabled us to visualize the complex 18th century colonial context and the indigenous capacity to choose among a range of possibilities, manipulating the established rules through a dynamic process of adaptation and transformation in order to maintain the indigenous autonomy.
Between 1748 and 1763 Jesuit reductions were settled in southern Chaco for the Abipones, soon becoming border enclaves with a strong interaction. These spaces in-between the colonial and indigenous worlds generated an intense biological and cultural miscegenation which led to the circulation of goods, people and ideas. In other words, new social, political and economic opportunities challenged the Abipones, and especially their leaders took advantage of them. This paper studies the above-mentioned process based on the reconstruction and analysis of cacique Ycholay’s life trajectory since he played a key role in the foundation and development of San Jerónimo, a town of Abipones. He was flexible enough and knew how to adapt to the changing historical circumstances, he also developed strategic links with his indigenous followers and several colonial authorities. His life trajectory enabled us to visualize the complex 18th century colonial context and the indigenous capacity to choose among a range of possibilities, manipulating the established rules through a dynamic process of adaptation and transformation in order to maintain the indigenous autonomy.
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