FMI, neoliberalismo y derechos humanos Argentina en el macroscopio
; Cantamutto, Francisco J. 
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Fecha
2021-05-21
Editorial
Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Revista
Revista Derechos en Acción
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2525-1678
eISSN
2525-1686
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Español
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Resumen
El neoliberalismo implicó, desde la década de los setenta, una profunda reconfiguración de las economías nacionales y un aumento significativo de las desigualdades. El Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), que se autopercibe por encima de los derechos humanos, ha sido un vehículo institucional central en este cambio, a través de sus créditos y condicionalidades que regularmente se traducen en violaciones de los derechos humanos de las poblaciones de los Estados deudores. La noción hegemónica de los derechos humanos que asume el neoliberalismo propone una visión de los mismos basada en la ―supuesta― defensa de los derechos civiles y políticos ―que se focalizan en lo individual y asumen una desconfianza frente al Estado― en detrimento de los derechos económicos y sociales, en los cuales lo relacional es esencial y el Estado asume obligaciones positivas. Esto ha llevado a fuertes críticas sobre la ineficacia de los derechos humanos para generar cambios reales en el mundo. Este artículo discute esta interpretación minimalista y derrotista de los derechos humanos, resaltando su potencial transformador. Los derechos humanos pueden funcionar como un método para alcanzar, en campos de alta complejidad y abstracción, objetivos que gozan hoy de amplio consenso: reducir la pobreza, las desigualdades y el cambio climático. El artículo también pone en evidencia que la marginalización de los derechos humanos que caracteriza al FMI encuentra paralelismo con el ejercicio desmedido de su poder en el mundo. Se toma al acuerdo firmado en 2018 entre el FMI Argentina como estudio de caso, analizando sus implicaciones desde un enfoque de derechos humanos y proponiendo para el debate cursos de acción.
Since the 1970s, the neoliberalism has entailed a profound reconfiguration of national economies and a significant increase in inequalities. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), which perceives itself to be above human rights, has been a central institutional vehicle for this change, through its loans and conditionalities that often result in violations of the human rights of the populations of debtor States. The hegemonic notion of human rights assumed by neoliberalism proposes a vision based on the supposed defense of civil and political rights - which focus on the individual and assume a distrust to the State - to the detriment of economic and social rights – in which the relational aspect is essential and the State assumes positive obligations. This has led to strong criticism regarding the ineffectiveness of human rights in bringing about real change in the world. This article discusses this minimalist and defeatist interpretation of human rights, highlighting their transformative potential. Human rights can function as a method to achieve, in fields of high complexity and abstraction, objectives that today enjoy broad consensus: reducing poverty, inequality and climate change. The article also highlights that the marginalization of human rights that characterizes the IMF parallels the unbridled exercise of its power in the world. The 2018 agreement signed between the IMF and Argentina is taken as a study case, analyzing its implications from a human rights approach and proposing courses of action for debate.
Since the 1970s, the neoliberalism has entailed a profound reconfiguration of national economies and a significant increase in inequalities. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), which perceives itself to be above human rights, has been a central institutional vehicle for this change, through its loans and conditionalities that often result in violations of the human rights of the populations of debtor States. The hegemonic notion of human rights assumed by neoliberalism proposes a vision based on the supposed defense of civil and political rights - which focus on the individual and assume a distrust to the State - to the detriment of economic and social rights – in which the relational aspect is essential and the State assumes positive obligations. This has led to strong criticism regarding the ineffectiveness of human rights in bringing about real change in the world. This article discusses this minimalist and defeatist interpretation of human rights, highlighting their transformative potential. Human rights can function as a method to achieve, in fields of high complexity and abstraction, objectives that today enjoy broad consensus: reducing poverty, inequality and climate change. The article also highlights that the marginalization of human rights that characterizes the IMF parallels the unbridled exercise of its power in the world. The 2018 agreement signed between the IMF and Argentina is taken as a study case, analyzing its implications from a human rights approach and proposing courses of action for debate.
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