Pre-Hispanic turquoise mining and Inca expansion in the Puna of Salta, Northwestern Argentina: Advances in archaeological research at Cerro Inca Viejo
; Coloca, Federico Ignacio 
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Fecha
08/2026
Editorial
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades. Museo de Antropología
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Revista del Museo de Antropología
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1852-060X
eISSN
1852-4826
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Resumen
Este trabajo presenta avances recientes en las investigaciones arqueológicas en Cerro Inca Viejo (Puna de Salta, Noroeste argentino), con el objetivo de profundizar el estudio de la explotación minera documentada allí. Esta montaña contiene una fuente de turquesa y otros minerales de cobre, con indicadores de una intensa actividad minera prehispánica, especialmente durante la ocupación del Imperio incaico. Entre los principales aportes, se describe nueva evidencia arqueológica proveniente del interior de la mina principal de la montaña, conocida como Cueva Inca Viejo, incluyendo su cámara de entrada y sus galerías internas. Esta investigación presenta por primera vez el registro de uso del fuego para fracturar la roca de Cueva Inca Viejo, una técnica minera singular en la arqueología prehispánica de tierras altas andinas, en asociación con martillos líticos y marcas de percusión. También se documentan otros componentes del conjunto de herramientas mineras prehispánicas (mangos de madera, tiras de cuero, cuñas, palas de madera y cestería). Además, se describen los resultados obtenidos en otros sectores de Cerro Inca Viejo, así como un análisis comparativo de valores isotópicos de plomo de muestras minerales. Finalmente, se destaca que la evidencia arqueológica presentada permite analizar el paisaje minero-ritual generado, principalmente, durante la expansión inca.
This paper presents recent advances in archaeological research at Cerro Inca Viejo (Puna of Salta, northwestern Argentina), with the aim of deepening the study of mining exploitation documented there. This mountain contains a turquoise source and other copper-bearing minerals, with clear indicators of intensive pre-Hispanic mining activity, especially during the occupation of the Inca Empire. Among the key contributions presented here, new archaeological evidence is described from inside the main mine of the mountain, known as Cueva Inca Viejo, including both its entrance chamber and internal galleries. This research reports for the first time the record of firesetting at Cueva Inca Viejo, a singular mining technique in the pre-Hispanic archaeology of the Andean highlands, in association with lithic hammers and percussion marks. Other components of the pre-Hispanic mining toolkit are documented (e.g., wooden handles, leather strips, wedges, wooden shovels, and basketry). Furthermore, the results obtained from other sectors of Cerro Inca Viejo are described, as well as a comparative analysis of lead isotope values from mineral samples. Finally, it is emphasized that the archaeological evidence presented in this paper makes it possible to analyze the mining-ritual landscape generated primarily during the Inca expansion.
This paper presents recent advances in archaeological research at Cerro Inca Viejo (Puna of Salta, northwestern Argentina), with the aim of deepening the study of mining exploitation documented there. This mountain contains a turquoise source and other copper-bearing minerals, with clear indicators of intensive pre-Hispanic mining activity, especially during the occupation of the Inca Empire. Among the key contributions presented here, new archaeological evidence is described from inside the main mine of the mountain, known as Cueva Inca Viejo, including both its entrance chamber and internal galleries. This research reports for the first time the record of firesetting at Cueva Inca Viejo, a singular mining technique in the pre-Hispanic archaeology of the Andean highlands, in association with lithic hammers and percussion marks. Other components of the pre-Hispanic mining toolkit are documented (e.g., wooden handles, leather strips, wedges, wooden shovels, and basketry). Furthermore, the results obtained from other sectors of Cerro Inca Viejo are described, as well as a comparative analysis of lead isotope values from mineral samples. Finally, it is emphasized that the archaeological evidence presented in this paper makes it possible to analyze the mining-ritual landscape generated primarily during the Inca expansion.
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