Single and combined phytoextraction of lead and cadmium on submerged plants Potamogeton pusillus L.: removal, bioaccumulation pattern, and phytotoxicity

Abstract

Under the present investigation, the submerged plant Potamogeton pusillus has been tested for the removal of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). P. pusillus removal efficiency and accumulation capacity were examined in separated Pb and Cd solutions, at 0.5, 1.0, and 2 mg L−1, and in solutions where both metals were present at the same concentration (0.5, 1.0, and 2 mg L−1), under laboratory conditions for 3, 7, and 10 days. Also, we examined the removal efficiency and accumulation capacity when a set of plants were exposed to 0.5 mg L−1 of Pb (or Cd) and increasing concentrations (0.5, 1, and 2 mg L−1) of Cd (or Pb) for 10 days. The effect of Cd and Pb was assessed by measuring changes in the chlorophylls, carotenoids, and malondialdehyde contents. Results showed that P. pusillus could accumulate Cd and Pb from individual solutions. Roots and leaves accumulated the highest amount of Cd and Pb followed by the stems. Some phytotoxic effects were observed, especially at individual Cd exposures, but these effects were not observed in the two-metal system. The removal and accumulation of Pb by P. pusillus were significantly enhanced in the presence of Cd under certain conditions, presenting a good alternative for the removal of these metals from polluted aquifers. To the extent of our knowledge, this is the first report on both enhanced phytoextraction of Pb in the presence of Cd and bioaccumulation of these heavy metals by P. pusillus.