Confrontar, conversar, convivir: argumentación cooperativa en Bioética

Otros responsables
Fecha
09/2014
Editorial
Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Instituto Universitario. Escuela de Medicina
Revista
Revista del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires
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Fecha del evento
Institución organizadora
ISSN
1669-2578
2314-3312
2314-3312
eISSN
ISBN
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Español
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Clasificación temática
Palabras clave
Resumen
La Bioética ofrece un campo transdisciplinar de resolución de la tensión entre ciencia y humanidades, entre argumentos técnicos e ideas éticas. Se presenta como complejo de hechos institucionales interimbricados –Derecho, comunidad científica, Ética y religión– cada uno dotado de una ontología social peculiar que determina jerarquías, funciones y define su sujeción a reglas, regulaciones y criterios normativos de evaluación. Aunque la Bioética legitime espacios de enunciación alternativos, vinculados a patrones institucionales oportunamente codificados, existe a nivel superior una conducta cooperativa en cuyo marco pueden desarrollarse las hostilidades antagónicas del “tipo global de actividad argumentativa”1 llevada a cabo. Precisamente, el objetivo general de este trabajo es realizar una reflexión crítica respecto de las peculiaridades de argumentos y conclusiones enunciados en el marco de un diálogo deliberativo en Bioética. Considerando que las posibilidades retóricas propias de este ámbito de intercambio argumentativo se desprenden menos de la eficacia ideal de persuasión recíproca que de la perennidad del malentendido, se intentará determinar los criterios que hacen en la tópica de la Bioética a esos posibles retóricos, en una redefinición de las claves clásicas que encadenan la ciencia secular de la retórica a la comunicación persuasiva. Se ponderarán en último término las condiciones de posibilidad, los alcances y los límites del acuerdo en ese escenario de intercambio polémico, en el cual el paradigma retórico está signado no por la mutua intercomprensión sino por rupturas cognitivas y, con ello, por el jaque de la estrategia persuasiva (Angenot, 2008).
Bioethics offers a transdisciplinary domain for framing ethical questions of how to move forward with cutting-edge medical technologies. The practice of Bioethics is structured in terms of a complex interrelationship between institutional facts – Law, Science, Ethics and Religion – which arise out of a specific social ontology that involves the ascription of hierarchies, status functions, rules, regulations, conventions, standards and principles. Even though within this transdisciplinary domain alternative enunciation scenes can be setted, each deriving its existence from social institutions, a form of collective intentionality is deployed through which “argumentative activity types” may take place (van Eemeren & Houtlosser, 2005). The focus of this article is on the peculiarities of arguments leading to conclusions in the contexts of decision-making on ethical questions of problematic clinical situations. Considering the fact that rhetorical possibilities within the conflicts that fuel the growth of ethics expertise in health care arise out not from an ideal of reciprocal persuasion but from irresolvable misunderstanding, it is our aim to identify the key elements of those rhetorical issues as they are developed in the field of Bioethics apart from the prime target of classical rhetoric: persuasion. The study will examine the possibilities and limits of consensus in this argumentative space where rhetorical paradigm leads to cognitive breakdowns and persuasive strategies failure rather than to intercomprehension and mutual intelligibility (Angenot, 2008).
Bioethics offers a transdisciplinary domain for framing ethical questions of how to move forward with cutting-edge medical technologies. The practice of Bioethics is structured in terms of a complex interrelationship between institutional facts – Law, Science, Ethics and Religion – which arise out of a specific social ontology that involves the ascription of hierarchies, status functions, rules, regulations, conventions, standards and principles. Even though within this transdisciplinary domain alternative enunciation scenes can be setted, each deriving its existence from social institutions, a form of collective intentionality is deployed through which “argumentative activity types” may take place (van Eemeren & Houtlosser, 2005). The focus of this article is on the peculiarities of arguments leading to conclusions in the contexts of decision-making on ethical questions of problematic clinical situations. Considering the fact that rhetorical possibilities within the conflicts that fuel the growth of ethics expertise in health care arise out not from an ideal of reciprocal persuasion but from irresolvable misunderstanding, it is our aim to identify the key elements of those rhetorical issues as they are developed in the field of Bioethics apart from the prime target of classical rhetoric: persuasion. The study will examine the possibilities and limits of consensus in this argumentative space where rhetorical paradigm leads to cognitive breakdowns and persuasive strategies failure rather than to intercomprehension and mutual intelligibility (Angenot, 2008).
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