Explorando la Reconciliación entre los Enfoques Frecuentista y Bayesiano en Estadística
; Abril, María de Las Mercedes 
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Fecha
08/2023
Editorial
Instituto Superior Tecnológico Universitario San Isidro
Revista
South American Research Journal
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2806-5638
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Español
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Resumen
En estadística, la estadística frecuentista a menudo se ha considerado como la única vía. No obstante, desde la década de 1950, la estadística bayesiana ha ido ganando progresivamente terreno en la academia. El presente estudio tiene como propósito demostrar los puntos de encuentro entre estas dos corrientes aparentemente opuestas. Para ello, los autores realizan un recorrido por varios tópicos, explicando qué es el Teorema de Bayes mediante ejemplos didácticos. En contraparte, se muestra que los frecuentistas rechazan el postulado central del enfoque Bayesiano, pero se ven obligados a reemplazarlo con soluciones alternativas, siendo la más generalizada la Máxima Verosimilitud. Frente a esta discrepancia, los autores sugieren que podría tratarse de una mala interpretación entre ambas corrientes y ofrecen ejemplos en los que el postulado de Bayes y el principio de Máxima Verosimilitud arrojan la misma respuesta numérica. Luego, se analizan las inferencias a partir de información a priori, tanto no informativa como informativa, y se exploran las propuestas inferenciales de ambas escuelas. Además, se aborda el enfoque fiducial, que trabaja con cantidades ficticias. Todos estos aspectos son discutidos desde las perspectivas matemáticas de reconocidos estadísticos como Fisher, Keynes, Carnap, Good, Durbin, Box, Giere, Neyman, Pearson, entre otros. Además, se buscan suposiciones filosóficas que filósofos como Lakatos, Popper y Kuhn, entre otros, no han logrado ofrecer para establecer una posible reconciliación entre estas corrientes en aparente conflicto.
In statistics, frequentist statistics has often been considered the only way. However, since the 1950s, Bayesian statistics has been progressively gaining ground in academia. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the meeting points between these two apparently opposing currents. To this end, the authors review several topics, explaining what Bayes’ Theorem is by means of didactic examples. On the other hand, it is shown that the frequentist reject the central postulate of the Bayesian approach, but are forced to replace it with alternative solutions, the most generalized being the Maximum Likelihood. Faced with this discrepancy, the authors suggest that it could be a misinterpretation between both currents and offer examples in which Bayes’ postulate and the Maximum Likelihood principle yield the same numerical answer. Then, inferences from a priori information, both non-informative and informative, are analyzed and the inferential proposals of both schools are explored. In addition, the fiducial approach, which works with fictitious quantities, is discussed. All these aspects are discussed from the mathematical perspectives of renowned statisticians such as Fisher, Keynes, Carnap, Good, Durbin, Box, Giere, Neyman, Pearson, among others. In addition, philosophical assumptions that philosophers such as Lakatos, Popper and Kuhn, among others, have failed to offer are sought in order to establish a possible reconciliation between these currents in apparent conflict.
In statistics, frequentist statistics has often been considered the only way. However, since the 1950s, Bayesian statistics has been progressively gaining ground in academia. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the meeting points between these two apparently opposing currents. To this end, the authors review several topics, explaining what Bayes’ Theorem is by means of didactic examples. On the other hand, it is shown that the frequentist reject the central postulate of the Bayesian approach, but are forced to replace it with alternative solutions, the most generalized being the Maximum Likelihood. Faced with this discrepancy, the authors suggest that it could be a misinterpretation between both currents and offer examples in which Bayes’ postulate and the Maximum Likelihood principle yield the same numerical answer. Then, inferences from a priori information, both non-informative and informative, are analyzed and the inferential proposals of both schools are explored. In addition, the fiducial approach, which works with fictitious quantities, is discussed. All these aspects are discussed from the mathematical perspectives of renowned statisticians such as Fisher, Keynes, Carnap, Good, Durbin, Box, Giere, Neyman, Pearson, among others. In addition, philosophical assumptions that philosophers such as Lakatos, Popper and Kuhn, among others, have failed to offer are sought in order to establish a possible reconciliation between these currents in apparent conflict.
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