Pests and pathogens of honey bees in Latin America: brief historical revision, current status, and remaining challenges

Abstract

Latin America (LATAM) harbors extraordinary biodiversity and sustains 14% of global agricultural production, with pollinators playing a key role. Although 6000 native bee species are known in the region, the introduced honey bee Apis mellifera is the most managed, with eight million colonies producing 70,000 tons of honey annually. However, large-scale honey bee colony losses have been reported in different countries, with the infection by different pests and pathogens recognized as one of the main drivers of losses. Here, we compiled the current knowledge on honey bee health in LATAM, explored the socioeconomic factors influencing data availability, and proposed collaborative strategies to generate comprehensive, up-to-date information to strengthen beekeeping sustainability across the region.