Política, federalismo y descentralización: Claves para el análisis de las políticas de pandemia en Argentina

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Fecha
01/2021
Editorial
Universidad Nacional de Rosario
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Perspectivas
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2525-1112
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Español
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Resumen
Con el advenimiento dela pandemia causada por el COVID-19, los Estados debieron enfrentar la coyuntura a partir de reorientar sus políticas públicas para detener el avance del virus en los territorios y para intentar frenar las crisis económicas que genera la pandemia. Argentina es un caso para el estudio: por la eficacia inicial de sus primeras medidas reconocidas a nivel internacional y por la utilización estratégica del andamiaje institucional con el que se distribuye el poder en los territorios subnacionales. En este sentido, el presente artículo problematiza dos dimensiones específicas que caracterizan la historia institucional del país: el federalismo y la descentralización, para abordar las políticas públicas implementadas desde el Estado Nacional. Así, el artículo se desarrolla a partir de una revisión teórica sobre la literatura tradicional del tema y, sobre el final, se avanza en analizar por qué el Estado Nacional Argentino en coordinación con las Provincias y los Municipios, implementó las medidas más trascendentales en el contexto de pandemia; se argumenta que la descentralización y el federalismo fiscal -particularmente las transferencias no automáticas-, como así también, las definiciones políticas por parte del Ejecutivo Nacional, funcionaron como factores dinamizadores que facilitaron la estrategia de gestión del gobierno para enfrentar los desafíos que implicó la pandemia.
With the advent of the pandemic caused by COVID-19, the States in Latin America and the world, had to face the situation by reorienting their public policies to stop the advance of the virus in the territories and to try to stop the economic crises that generates the pandemic. Argentina is a case for study: due to the initial effectiveness of its first measures, internationally recognized measures and due to the strategic use of the institutional scaffolding with which power is distributed in subnational territories. In this sense, this article problematizes two specific dimensions that characterize the institutional history of the country: federalism and decentralization, to analyze the public policies implemented by the National State. Thus, the article is developed from a theoretical review on the traditional literature on the subject and, at the end, it advances in analyzing why the Argentine National State, in coordination with the Provinces and Municipalities, implemented the most transcendental measures in the global pandemic context; It is argued that decentralization, federalism and political definitions by the National Executive functioned as key factors in the government's management strategy to face the challenges posed by the pandemic.
With the advent of the pandemic caused by COVID-19, the States in Latin America and the world, had to face the situation by reorienting their public policies to stop the advance of the virus in the territories and to try to stop the economic crises that generates the pandemic. Argentina is a case for study: due to the initial effectiveness of its first measures, internationally recognized measures and due to the strategic use of the institutional scaffolding with which power is distributed in subnational territories. In this sense, this article problematizes two specific dimensions that characterize the institutional history of the country: federalism and decentralization, to analyze the public policies implemented by the National State. Thus, the article is developed from a theoretical review on the traditional literature on the subject and, at the end, it advances in analyzing why the Argentine National State, in coordination with the Provinces and Municipalities, implemented the most transcendental measures in the global pandemic context; It is argued that decentralization, federalism and political definitions by the National Executive functioned as key factors in the government's management strategy to face the challenges posed by the pandemic.
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