A 10 años de Vaca Muerta: análisis del régimen fiscal petrolero y la apropiación de la renta petrolera en Argentina y la región

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Fecha
12/2025
Editorial
Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez. Escuela de Gobierno
Revista
Economía y Política
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ISSN
0719-4714
eISSN
0719-4803
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Español
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Resumen
El presente estudio tiene por objetivo examinar la evolución del régimen fiscal argentino en el sector petrolero en clave comparada respecto a otros países de la región, en un contexto caracterizado por el impulso del proyecto productivo de Vaca Muerta. En los últimos años se ha estado proyectando al sector como una futura plataforma exportadora en el marco de la acuciante restricción externa. Para enfrentar la escasez de divisas, distintas administraciones gubernamentales han sacrificado la participación estatal mediante reformas profundas en el régimen fiscal, otorgando beneficios para atraer inversiones. En este contexto, las empresas del sector emergen como las principales ganadoras en la disputa por la renta petrolera en detrimento de la participación estatal. A partir del análisis comparado con otros países de la región, podríamos concluir que Argentina se erige como el único país que ha sacrificado significativamente su participación estatal al realizar reformas profundas en su régimen fiscal.
The present study aims to examine the evolution of the Argentine fiscal regime in the oil sector in a comparative perspective with respect to other countries in the region, in a context characterized by the promotion of the Vaca Muerta productive project. In recent years, the sector has been projected as a future export platform in the context of the pressing external constraints. To deal with the shortage of foreign currency, different government administrations have been sacrificing state participation through deep reforms in the fiscal regime, granting benefits to attract investments. In this context, companies in the sector emerge as the main winners in the dispute over oil revenues, to the detriment of state participation. Based on a comparative analysis with other countries in the region, we can conclude that Argentina stands out as the only country that has significantly sacrificed its state participation by implementing profound reforms to its tax system.
The present study aims to examine the evolution of the Argentine fiscal regime in the oil sector in a comparative perspective with respect to other countries in the region, in a context characterized by the promotion of the Vaca Muerta productive project. In recent years, the sector has been projected as a future export platform in the context of the pressing external constraints. To deal with the shortage of foreign currency, different government administrations have been sacrificing state participation through deep reforms in the fiscal regime, granting benefits to attract investments. In this context, companies in the sector emerge as the main winners in the dispute over oil revenues, to the detriment of state participation. Based on a comparative analysis with other countries in the region, we can conclude that Argentina stands out as the only country that has significantly sacrificed its state participation by implementing profound reforms to its tax system.
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