Recognizing Atypical Dopa-Responsive Dystonia and Its Mimics

Abstract

Purpose of review: Dopa-responsive dystonia (DRD) encompasses a group of phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous neurochemical disorders. Classic GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH-1)-associated DRD consists of early-onset lower limb asymmetrical dystonia, with sleep benefit, diurnal variation, and excellent and sustained response to low l-dopa doses.Recent findings: Unlike the classic phenotype, GCH-1-associated DRD may include features inconsistent with the original phenotype. We describe a GCH-1-associated late-onset DRD case with a family history of parkinsonism and cervical dystonia whose response to levodopa was poor and complicated with dyskinesia, blepharospasm, and severe nonmotor symptoms. We use this case as a springboard to review the spectrum of atypical DRD, DRD-plus, and DRD mimics.Summary: GCH-1-related dystonia may exhibit wide intrafamilial phenotypic variability, no diurnal fluctuation, poor response to l-dopa, and such complications as dyskinesia, epilepsy, sleep disorders, autonomic dysfunction, oculogyric crisis, myoclonus, or tics. More recently, rare GCH-1 variants have been found to be associated with Parkinson disease. Clinicians should be aware of atypical DRD, DRD-plus, and DRD mimics.