Effect of probiotic lactic acid bacteria on inflammation-coagulation relationship

Abstract

The interaction between inflammatory response and hemostasis is a complex phenomenon of multiple signals that plays a protective role in many pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases, infections, and cancer. However, an imbalance of the inflammation-hemostasis relationship contributes to the aggravation of the disease.Tissue factor (TF), the main initiator of blood coagulation, is also involved in the induction of intracellular signaling independent of coagulation through protease activated receptors (PARs). Several studies showed that TF and PARs are involved in the immune response against viruses and infectious bacteria, indicating that the components of the coagulation cascade perform multiple functions during infections. Over the last 20 years, our research group studied the application of probiotic and recombinant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as valid alternatives to increase resistance to respiratory infections. One of these research lines evaluates the ability of LAB to modulate the inflammation-hemostasis interrelationship. For this purpose, we used different mice models of respiratory bacterial infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts, and also after nasal challenge with the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) poly (I:C), a TLR3 agonist which mimic a viral respiratory infection. Our investigations proved that immunomodulatory LAB regulated respiratory tract immunity, promoted the resolution and reduction of severity of respiratory infections, and modulated the haemostatic alterations.Therefore, deeping into cell signaling induced by TF-PARs interactions during treatment with LAB will allow us to understand and get important advances in the knowledge of the mechanisms of action of LAB with immunomodulatory activity in the inflammation-hemostasis interrelationship.