Natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana highlights a key role of glyoxalase I;2 in detoxifying glucose-derived reactive carbonyl species

Abstract

Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are toxic byproducts of normal metabolism that become more prevalent underoxidative stress. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes exhibit natural variation in their ability to detoxifyglucose-derived RCS. We identified the IP-Pal-0 ecotype showing enhanced tolerance to glucose-derived RCS viaupregulation of the glyoxalase system. In particular, the Viridiplantae-specific isoforms GLXI;2, GLXII;4, and GLXII;5are highly expressed in IP-Pal-0 when plants are grown in the presence of 2-keto-D-glucose (KDG; glucosone) ormethylglyoxal, and protein extracts from these plants display enhanced GLXI activity on KDG than other ecotypes.We identified specific motif/cis-regulatory elements in the GLXI;2 promoter regions of Col-0 and IP-Pal-0 thatmay underlie the differential expression of GLXI;2 associated with KDG detoxification. IP-Pal-0 GLXI;2 contains twodifferent amino acids compared to Col-0, but these do not affect the basic kinetics of the protein. Interestingly,we found that the simultaneous change of these amino acids also occurs together in the GLXI proteins of someother organisms, suggesting a convergence in the simultaneous change of both amino acid residues. Our findingsunderscore the importance of Viridiplantae-specific glyoxalase isoforms in detoxifying glucose-derived RCS,particularly KDG, and highlight the promise of harnessing natural genetic diversity in the glyoxalase pathway toenhance plant stress tolerance.