Desarrollo psicomotor temprano en cuidados alternativos en Argentina: diferencias entre acogimiento familiar y cuidado institucional
; Torrecilla, Norma Mariana
; Taborda, Ruth Alejandra Otros responsables
Fecha
03/2025
Editorial
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Revista
Psykhe
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0717-0297
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El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las diferencias significativas en el desarrollo psicomotor durante cuatro meses a través de tres evaluaciones en tres grupos de niños: aquellos en familias de acogida (Grupo 1), aquellos en cuidado institucional (Grupo 2) -ambos separados de sus familias biológicas debido a maltrato-y niños en familias biológicas sin antecedentes de maltrato ni historial de cuidado alternativo (Grupo 3). Se empleó un enfoque cuantitativo no experimental con un diseño longitudinal. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 90 niños, 30 en cada grupo, todos menores de 36 meses de edad. Se utilizaron dos pruebas argentinas: la Prueba Nacional de Pesquisa (PRUNAPE) y el Instrumento de Observación del Desarrollo Infantil (IODI) para evaluar el desarrollo en tres momentos diferentes: al ingresar al cuidado alternativo y después de dos y cuatro meses de permanencia. Los grupos 1 y 2 obtuvieron puntuaciones significativamente más bajas en las pautas de desarrollo en las áreas motora fina, motora gruesa,comunicación-lenguaje, personal-social y socioemocional, y presentaron las puntuaciones más altas en pautas de riesgo en comunicación, motricidad y socioemocional. Sin embargo, tras dos y cuatro meses en acogida familiar, el Grupo 1 alcanzó resultados de desarrollo comparables a los de los niños en familias biológicas. En contraste, el Grupo 2 continuó con puntuaciones significativamente más bajas en pautas dentro de lo esperable y más altas en pautas de riesgo. El acogimiento familiar facilita cambios contextuales que promueven la resiliencia tras el maltrato.
This study aimed to analyze significant differences in psychomotor development over four months across three assessments in three groups of children: those in foster families (Group 1), those in institutional care (Group 2)—both of whom had been separated from their biological families due to maltreatment—and children in biological families without history of maltreatment or alternative care (Group 3). A non-experimental quantitative approach with a longitudinal design was employed. The sample consisted of 90 children, 30 in each group, under 36 months of age. Two Argentine tests were utilized: the National Screening Test (PRUNAPE) and the Child Development Observation Instrument (IODI) to assess development at three different time points: upon admission to alternative care and after two and four months of staying there. Groups 1 and 2 scored significantly lower on expected developmental milestones in fine motor, gross motor, language-communication, personal-social, and socio-emotional areas, and had the highest at-risk scores in communication, motor, and socio-emotional domains. However, after two and four months in foster care, Group 1 achieved developmental outcomes comparable to those of children in biological families. In contrast, Group 2 scored significantly lower on expected milestones and higher on at-risk milestones. Foster care facilitates contextual changes that promote resilience following maltreatment.
This study aimed to analyze significant differences in psychomotor development over four months across three assessments in three groups of children: those in foster families (Group 1), those in institutional care (Group 2)—both of whom had been separated from their biological families due to maltreatment—and children in biological families without history of maltreatment or alternative care (Group 3). A non-experimental quantitative approach with a longitudinal design was employed. The sample consisted of 90 children, 30 in each group, under 36 months of age. Two Argentine tests were utilized: the National Screening Test (PRUNAPE) and the Child Development Observation Instrument (IODI) to assess development at three different time points: upon admission to alternative care and after two and four months of staying there. Groups 1 and 2 scored significantly lower on expected developmental milestones in fine motor, gross motor, language-communication, personal-social, and socio-emotional areas, and had the highest at-risk scores in communication, motor, and socio-emotional domains. However, after two and four months in foster care, Group 1 achieved developmental outcomes comparable to those of children in biological families. In contrast, Group 2 scored significantly lower on expected milestones and higher on at-risk milestones. Foster care facilitates contextual changes that promote resilience following maltreatment.
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