Estudio de digestatos y biocarbones: aplicación en un suelo representativo de la planicie fluvioeólica central cordobesa, año 2024-2025
; Rodriguez, María Jimena 
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09/2025
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Universidad Nacional de Villa María
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Serie Documentos de Trabajo
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3072-8487
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El proceso de digestión anaerobia, transforma los materiales orgánicos en biogás y en un residuo rico en nutrientes conocido como digestato que puede servir como fertilizante. Sin embargo, la aplicación directa o en exceso, sin regulación de la dosis del digestato (tratamiento y cantidad) sobre el suelo puede presentar problemas microbiológicos, desequilibrios en la química del suelo por la liberación de nutrientes en exceso, retraso en la germinación y la reducción del crecimiento de cultivos, presencia de patógenos y fitotoxicidad alta, afectando la salud general del suelo. El digestato es un residuo que se obtiene de la industria bioenergética en la producción de biogás, tiene una alta carga orgánica y se puede reutilizar como fertilizante orgánico, por estos beneficios es necesario presentar una estrategia integral de revalorización de los productos y subproductos provenientes de procesos de biorrefinerías anaerobias, aplicando nuevas tecnologías alternativas como la pirólisis, donde se transforma el digestato en un residuo sólido poroso rico en carbono, conocido como biocarbón. El Biocarbon posee excelentes propiedades para la retención de agua y la liberación gradual de nutrientes. Es empleado como enmienda para el suelo, su uso presenta características interesantes en términos de huella de carbono, ya que manifiesta un papel distintivo en el secuestro de carbono, mejora la calidad del suelo, la sostenibilidad agrícola y a reducir las emisiones de CO2 por lo que contribuye a mitigar el cambio climático. El objetivo general es evaluar las características de los digestatos y biocarbones de biorrefinerías anaerobias y su aplicación en un suelo representativo de la planicie fluvioeólica central cordobesa. Conjuntamente se realizó la carbonización de la fracción sólida y la caracterización de tres tipos diferentes de biocarbón con una mezcla de diferentes tipos de materias primas. Se determinó y describió el diseño experimental usado para la aplicación directa en diversas concentraciones y combinaciones a un suelo típico de la región. Finalmente se analizó su aplicación directa en suelo, sus efectos físico químicos sobre propiedades del suelo como pH, conductividad eléctrica, materia orgánica, grado de humificación, respiración microbiana y su actividad microbiológica después del tratamiento. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que la aplicación de biocarbón, tiene un impacto positivo en varias propiedades del suelo. La adición de biocarbón, especialmente en combinación con digestatos, tuvo un efecto mejorador sobre la calidad del suelo, lo que sugiere un potencial beneficioso para las prácticas agrícolas sostenibles, su potencial uso como fertilizante orgánico y herramienta de mitigación al cambio climático.
The process of anaerobic digestion transforms organic materials into biogas and a nutrient‐rich residue known as digestate that can be used as fertilizer. However, direct or excess application without regulation of the digestate dosage (treatment and quantity) on the soil can present microbiological problems, imbalances in soil chemistry due to the release of excess nutrients, delayed germination and reduced crop growth, presence of pathogens and high phytotoxicity, affecting the overall health of the soil. Digestate is a residue obtained from the bioenergy industry in the production of biogas, it has a high organic load and can be reused as organic fertilizer, for these benefits it is necessary to present a comprehensive strategy for the revaluation of products and by‐products from anaerobic biorefinery processes, applying new alternative technologies such as pyrolysis, where the digestate is transformed into a porous solid residue rich in carbon, known as biochar. Biochar has excellent properties for water retention and gradual release of nutrients. It is used as a soil amendment, its use presents interesting characteristics in terms of carbon footprint, as it manifests a distinctive role in carbon sequestration, improves soil quality, agricultural sustainability and reduces CO2 emissions, thus contributing to mitigate climate change. The general objective is to evaluate the characteristics of digestates and biochars from anaerobic biorefineries and their application in a representative soil of the central fluvioeolic plain of Córdoba. The carbonization of the solid fraction and the characterization of three different types of biochar with a mixture of different types of raw materials were carried out. The experimental design used for direct application in different concentrations and combinations to a typical soil of the region was determined and described. Finally, its direct application in soil, its physical‐chemical effects on soil properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, degree of humification, microbial respiration and its microbiological activity after treatment were analyzed. The results obtained showed that the application of biochar has a positive impact on several soil properties. The addition of biochar, especially in combination with digestates, had an improving effect on soil quality, suggesting a beneficial potential for sustainable agricultural practices, its potential use as an organic fertilizer and climate change mitigation tool.
The process of anaerobic digestion transforms organic materials into biogas and a nutrient‐rich residue known as digestate that can be used as fertilizer. However, direct or excess application without regulation of the digestate dosage (treatment and quantity) on the soil can present microbiological problems, imbalances in soil chemistry due to the release of excess nutrients, delayed germination and reduced crop growth, presence of pathogens and high phytotoxicity, affecting the overall health of the soil. Digestate is a residue obtained from the bioenergy industry in the production of biogas, it has a high organic load and can be reused as organic fertilizer, for these benefits it is necessary to present a comprehensive strategy for the revaluation of products and by‐products from anaerobic biorefinery processes, applying new alternative technologies such as pyrolysis, where the digestate is transformed into a porous solid residue rich in carbon, known as biochar. Biochar has excellent properties for water retention and gradual release of nutrients. It is used as a soil amendment, its use presents interesting characteristics in terms of carbon footprint, as it manifests a distinctive role in carbon sequestration, improves soil quality, agricultural sustainability and reduces CO2 emissions, thus contributing to mitigate climate change. The general objective is to evaluate the characteristics of digestates and biochars from anaerobic biorefineries and their application in a representative soil of the central fluvioeolic plain of Córdoba. The carbonization of the solid fraction and the characterization of three different types of biochar with a mixture of different types of raw materials were carried out. The experimental design used for direct application in different concentrations and combinations to a typical soil of the region was determined and described. Finally, its direct application in soil, its physical‐chemical effects on soil properties such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, degree of humification, microbial respiration and its microbiological activity after treatment were analyzed. The results obtained showed that the application of biochar has a positive impact on several soil properties. The addition of biochar, especially in combination with digestates, had an improving effect on soil quality, suggesting a beneficial potential for sustainable agricultural practices, its potential use as an organic fertilizer and climate change mitigation tool.
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