Modelo de sujeto institucional y nuevos proyectos biográficos de ex residentes de comunidades terapéuticas religiosas

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Fecha
07/2025
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Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Humanidades
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Sudamérica
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2314-1174
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En este artículo, analizo las convergencias y divergencias entre el modelo de sujeto que promueven dos comunidades terapéuticas de fuerte impronta religiosa y los nuevos proyectos biográficos que los/as devenidos/as ex residentes construyen fuera de los centros. El corpus empírico analizado está constituido por 19 entrevistas biográficamente orientadas a cinco ex residentes de dos comunidades terapéuticas que pertenecen a redes internacionales y cuentan con sedes en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires (Argentina). A partir de las entrevistas, construí, conjuntamente con los/as ex residentes, sus relatos de vida. Estos relatos forman parte también del corpus empírico analizado. La perspectiva teórica fundamental que empleo, en este artículo, es la sociología de la individuación de Danilo Martuccelli. Esta procura dar cuenta del modo en que los individuos se fabrican como sujetos en una sociedad histórica determinada. Para ello, recurre a dos herramientas analíticas centrales: las pruebas y los soportes. Entre los resultados se destaca que las experiencias de los/as ex residentes se distancian de lo que se propugna desde los modelos institucionales. En ocasiones, ello es consecuencia de la no identificación con un lineamiento específico del modelo de sujeto; en otras tiene que ver con la dificultad de sostener, fuera de la institución, una línea de conducta que se ajuste perfectamente a los preceptos que conforman dicho modelo. Esta imposibilidad solo puede comprenderse si se apela a las diferencias sustanciales que existen entre la vida fuera de la comunidad terapéutica y el tipo de interacciones que tienen lugar durante el tratamiento.
In this paper, I analyze the convergences and divergences between the subject model promoted by two therapeutic communities with a strong religious mark and the new biographical projects that former residents build outside the centers. The empirical corpus consists of 19 biographically oriented interviews with five former residents of two therapeutic communities that belong to international networks and have headquarters in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires (Argentina). Together with the former residents we constructed their life stories. These life stories are also part of the analyzed empirical corpus. The fundamental theoretical perspective that I use in this paper is Danilo Martuccelli's sociology of individuation. This theoretical perspective seeks to analyze the way in which individuals are fabricated as subjects in a given historical society. For this purpose, it employs two central analytical tools: trials and supports. Among the main results of this paper, it stands out that the experiences of the former residents are distanced from what is advocated by the institutional subject model. Sometimes, this is a consequence of the non-identification with a specific line of the subject model; sometimes it has to do with the difficulty of sustaining, outside the institution, a line of conduct that perfectly fits the precepts of that model. This impossibility can only be understood by appealing to the substantial differences that exist between life outside the therapeutic community and the type of interactions that take place during the treatment.
In this paper, I analyze the convergences and divergences between the subject model promoted by two therapeutic communities with a strong religious mark and the new biographical projects that former residents build outside the centers. The empirical corpus consists of 19 biographically oriented interviews with five former residents of two therapeutic communities that belong to international networks and have headquarters in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires (Argentina). Together with the former residents we constructed their life stories. These life stories are also part of the analyzed empirical corpus. The fundamental theoretical perspective that I use in this paper is Danilo Martuccelli's sociology of individuation. This theoretical perspective seeks to analyze the way in which individuals are fabricated as subjects in a given historical society. For this purpose, it employs two central analytical tools: trials and supports. Among the main results of this paper, it stands out that the experiences of the former residents are distanced from what is advocated by the institutional subject model. Sometimes, this is a consequence of the non-identification with a specific line of the subject model; sometimes it has to do with the difficulty of sustaining, outside the institution, a line of conduct that perfectly fits the precepts of that model. This impossibility can only be understood by appealing to the substantial differences that exist between life outside the therapeutic community and the type of interactions that take place during the treatment.
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