La proteína verde fluorescente ilumina la biociencia
; Becu, Damasia 
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Fecha
06/2009
Editorial
Medicina (Buenos Aires)
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Medicina (Buenos Aires)
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ISSN
0025-7680
eISSN
1669-9106
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Español
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Resumen
La proteína verde fluorescente (o GFP, por sus siglas en inglés, Green Fluorescent Protein) es una proteína producida por la medusa Aequorea victoria que emite bioluminiscencia en la zona verde del espectro visible. El gen que codifica esta proteína ha sido clonado y se utiliza habitualmente en biología molecular como marcador. Los descubrimientos relacionados a la GFP merecieron el Premio Nobel de Química 2008, en conjunto a los tres investigadores, Dres Shimomura, Chalfie y Tsien que participaron escalonadamente en dilucidar la estructura y función de la proteína. El Dr. Shimomura descubrió y estudió las propiedades de GFP, el Dr. Chalfie usando técnicas de biología molecular logró introducir el gen que codificaba para la GFP en el ADN del gusano transparente C. elegans, e inició la era de GFP como marcador de procesos en células y organismos. Finalmente el Dr. Tsien modificó la estructura de la proteína para producir moléculas que emiten luz a distintas longitudes de onda, extendiendo la paleta de colores de las proteínas. Las proteínas fluorescentes, entre las cuales se encuentra la GFP, son muy versátiles y se utilizan en diversos campos como la microbiología, ingeniería genética, fisiología, e ingeniería ambiental. Permiten ver procesos previamente invisibles, como el desarrollo de neuronas, cómo se diseminan las células cancerosas, o la contaminación de agua con arsénico, por mencionar algunos usos. Con la obtención de proteínas de muchos colores complejas redes biológicas pueden ser marcadas diferencialmente, lo que permite visualizar la biología celular en acción.
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein produced by the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, that emits bioluminescence in the green zone of the visible spectrum. The GFP gene has been cloned and is used in molecular biology as a marker. The three researchers that participated independently in elucidating the structure and function of this and its related proteins, Drs. Shimomura, Chalfie and Tsien were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008. Dr. Shimomura discovered and studied the properties of GFP. Using molecular biological techniques, Chalfie succeeded in introducing the GFP gene into the DNA of the small, almost transparent worm C. elegans, and initiated an era in which GFP would be used as a glowing marker for cellular biology. Finally, Dr.Tsien found precisely how GFP’s structure produces the observed green fluorescence, and succeeded in modifying the structure to generate molecules that emit light at slightly different wavelengths, which gave tags of different colors. Fluorescent proteins are very versatile and are being used in many areas, such as microbiology, biotechnology, physiology, environmental engineering, development, etc. They can, for example, illuminate growing cancer tumours; show the development of Alzheimer’s disease, or detect arsenic traces in water. Finding the key to how a marine organism produces light unexpectedly ended up providing researchers with a powerful array of tools with which to visualize cell biology in action.
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein produced by the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, that emits bioluminescence in the green zone of the visible spectrum. The GFP gene has been cloned and is used in molecular biology as a marker. The three researchers that participated independently in elucidating the structure and function of this and its related proteins, Drs. Shimomura, Chalfie and Tsien were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008. Dr. Shimomura discovered and studied the properties of GFP. Using molecular biological techniques, Chalfie succeeded in introducing the GFP gene into the DNA of the small, almost transparent worm C. elegans, and initiated an era in which GFP would be used as a glowing marker for cellular biology. Finally, Dr.Tsien found precisely how GFP’s structure produces the observed green fluorescence, and succeeded in modifying the structure to generate molecules that emit light at slightly different wavelengths, which gave tags of different colors. Fluorescent proteins are very versatile and are being used in many areas, such as microbiology, biotechnology, physiology, environmental engineering, development, etc. They can, for example, illuminate growing cancer tumours; show the development of Alzheimer’s disease, or detect arsenic traces in water. Finding the key to how a marine organism produces light unexpectedly ended up providing researchers with a powerful array of tools with which to visualize cell biology in action.
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