Diversidad de insectos, colémbolos y arañas en viñedos bajo diferentes sistemas de producción, convencional y agroecológico, en Mendoza, Argentina
; González, Marcela F. ; Mazzitelli Ranaldi, María Emilia ; Marcucci, Bruno
; Solís, Silvina E. ; Bonfanti, Sebastián ; Uliarte, Ernesto Martín Otros responsables
Fecha
02/2024
Editorial
Asociación Argentina de Ecología
Revista
Ecología Austral
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0327-5477
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Numerosos estudios afirman que la agricultura ecológica, en comparación con los cultivosconvencionales, tiende a incrementar la diversidad de artrópodos, favoreciendo el equilibrio sanitario delsistema. Estos trabajos están acotados a ciertos sistemas agrícolas y agroecosistemas vitícolas específicos, ypor ende, la bibliografía acerca de la artropofauna regional es escasa. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizarel impacto de dos sistemas de producción (convencional y agroecológico) sobre la comunidad de insectos,colémbolos y arañas. El estudio se realizó en un viñedo (Vitis vinifera) situado en Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza,Argentina. Se constituyeron dos subparcelas de seguimiento bajo sistemas de producción contrastantes: a)convencional, con labranzas, aplicación de herbicidas, fertilizantes sintéticos y pesticidas, y b) agroecológico,con cultivos de cobertura, enmiendas orgánicas, bioestimulantes líquidos y productos preventivos de bajoimpacto. Se instalaron doce trampas de caída y cromáticas en cada subparcela, para cada estación climática.La determinación de los ejemplares se realizó al máximo nivel de resolución taxonómica posible, y se lesasignó un grupo funcional. La abundancia de insectos, colémbolos y arañas fue similar en ambas parcelas; sinembargo, se observó mayor riqueza de familias, diversidad, dominancia y equitatividad en la agroecológica.La composición de la comunidad en ambos sistemas fue significativamente diferente. Exceptuando a loscolémbolos, la subparcela convencional presentó mayor presencia de fitófagos, mientras que en la agroecológicapredominaron, casi en la misma proporción, los depredadores, omnívoros y fitófagos. La gran diferencia halladaentre ambos sistemas respecto de los índices de biodiversidad es similar a la encontrada en otros trabajos quecomparan sistemas con presencia de vegetación en el interfilar. Esto se corresponde con una distribución másequitativa en los distintos grupos funcionales, con una menor proporción de fitófagos respecto a un sistemade producción convencional del cultivo.
Many studies show that organic farming, compared to conventional crops, tends to increase the diversity of arthropods, favoring the sanitary balance of the system. However, these works limit a few local agricultural or viticultural agroecosystems, and there is scarce bibliography available where the regional entomofauna is characterized. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of production systems on the community of insects, collembola and spiders. The study was carried out in a vineyard (Vitis vinifera) located in Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. Two monitoring subplots under contrasting production systems were established: a conventional one with tillage, application of herbicides, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides, and an agroecological approach with cover crops, organic amendments, liquid biostimulants, and low impact preventive products. Twelve pitfall and chromatic traps were installed in each subplot for each climatic season. The determination of the collected specimens was carried out at the highest level of taxonomic resolution possible and a functional group was assigned to them. The abundance of insects, collembola and spiders was similar in both plots; however, a greater richness of families, diversity, dominance and equitability was observed in the agroecological one. The community composition of the functional groups in both studied systems turned out to be significantly different. Except for the collembola, the conventional subplot presented a greater presence of phytophagous, while in the agroecological subplot, predators, omnivores and phytophagous predominated in almost the same proportion. The great difference found between both production systems in the biodiversity indices corresponds to that found in other works where systems with the presence of vegetation in the interrows are compared, which corresponds to a more equitable distribution in the different functional groups, with a lower proportion of phytophagous compared to a conventional crop production system.
Many studies show that organic farming, compared to conventional crops, tends to increase the diversity of arthropods, favoring the sanitary balance of the system. However, these works limit a few local agricultural or viticultural agroecosystems, and there is scarce bibliography available where the regional entomofauna is characterized. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of production systems on the community of insects, collembola and spiders. The study was carried out in a vineyard (Vitis vinifera) located in Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. Two monitoring subplots under contrasting production systems were established: a conventional one with tillage, application of herbicides, synthetic fertilizers, and pesticides, and an agroecological approach with cover crops, organic amendments, liquid biostimulants, and low impact preventive products. Twelve pitfall and chromatic traps were installed in each subplot for each climatic season. The determination of the collected specimens was carried out at the highest level of taxonomic resolution possible and a functional group was assigned to them. The abundance of insects, collembola and spiders was similar in both plots; however, a greater richness of families, diversity, dominance and equitability was observed in the agroecological one. The community composition of the functional groups in both studied systems turned out to be significantly different. Except for the collembola, the conventional subplot presented a greater presence of phytophagous, while in the agroecological subplot, predators, omnivores and phytophagous predominated in almost the same proportion. The great difference found between both production systems in the biodiversity indices corresponds to that found in other works where systems with the presence of vegetation in the interrows are compared, which corresponds to a more equitable distribution in the different functional groups, with a lower proportion of phytophagous compared to a conventional crop production system.
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