The peopling of the Andean highlands: A chronological and archaeological approach from Northwestern Argentina in comparison with Northern Chile

Abstract

This paper analyzes and discusses the processes involved in the Andean highland peopling of Northwestern Argentina between the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the early Holocene, in comparative perspective with high-altitude sites from neighboring regions located in Northern Chile. From this broad comparative framework, the study aims to identify both particularities and similarities in these processes. To this end, information from different chronological and archaeological indicators is examined, including time series based on radiocarbon dating, time-sensitive lithic artifacts, and zooarchaeological records. The results reveal both shared regional patterns and distinctive aspects among the chronological, artifactual, and archaeofaunal indicators. The evidence suggests multidirectional peopling processes, with spatial and altitudinal variation in chronological terms. Among time-sensitive artifacts, unstemmed triangular projectile points of the Tuina type predominate over fishtail projectile points. The faunal assemblages from archaeological sites reflect variability in the representation of artiodactyls (mainly camelids) and rodents (particularly chinchillids), with no evidence of extinct megafauna consumption. Furthermore, artiodactyl (camelid) remains increase after 12,000 cal BP, suggesting that late Pleistocene and early Holocene assemblages cannot be considered a homogeneous set of traits but rather display greater diversity. These analyses also indicate that camelids were likely fundamental to human adaptation in these environments. Finally, it is important to emphasize that the information analyzed contributes not only to regional understanding but also, more broadly, to the study of the human peopling of highlands.