Toxicological and Safety Considerations of Nanocellulose-Containing Packaging Materials

Abstract

The global demand for renewable and sustainable non-petroleum-based resources is rapidly increasing. Lignocellulosic biomass is a valuable resource with broad potential for nanocellulose (NC) production. However, limited studies are available regarding the potential toxicological impact of NC. We provide an overview of the nanosafety implications associated mainly with nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF) and identify knowledge gaps. For this purpose, we present an analysis of the studies published from 2014 to 2025 in which the authors mention aspectsrelated to toxicity in the context of packaging. We also analyze the main methods used for toxicity evaluations and the main studies about toxicity evaluation using different biomarkers for a broad interpretation. This comprehensive biblio-graphic review highlights the critical need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms fully underlining NC toxicity, mainly due to its nanofibrillar structure.We focus on the cellular responses across different evaluated cell types through in vitro evaluation, always within the context of the dose used, the type of material or its source, and thetype of biomarkers used in the assessments. The importance of addressing safety considerations and key knowledge gaps for the responsible use of CNF derived fromlignocellulosic biomass and its bionanocomposites in food packaging is highlighted.