Pb tolerance and accumulation capabilities of Bidens pilosa L. growing in polluted soils depend on the history of exposure

Abstract

Phytoremediation, especially phytoextraction, is a good alternative for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. This method requires selection of species for their tolerance, high accumulation levels in harvestable parts, and high biomass production. Bidens pilosa L. has been reported as tolerant to and potentially hyperaccumulator of several heavy metals, including Pb, but with variable results in terms of effectiveness. The aim of this study was to analyse the intra- and interpopulation variability of B. pilosa in response to Pb in individuals from two populations: one historically exposed to Pb and another with no history of exposure. Bidens pilosa L. presented tolerance to Pb pollution in soil, evidenced in a higher survival rate, a better antioxidant response, and an efficient reduction in cell membrane damage mainly due to history of exposure. The period of exposure (30 years) was not long enough to obtain a B. pilosa population that provides seeds for phytoextraction projects, since the average value of total extraction was relatively low. Collecting seeds from a historically exposed population will provide some suitable individuals with Pb accumulation and translocation capabilities, but not a sufficient amount to conduct a large phytoremediation project. The individual accumulator profile of B. pilosa is not related to the physiological behaviour or to the Pb entry into the vascular bundle in root, but to the incorporation of other heavy metals that are micronutrients.