Benzophenones: How ultraviolet filters can interfere with reproduction

Abstract

Benzophenones (BPs) are widely used as ultraviolet (UV) filters in personal care products, plastics, and food packaging. Although they serve as effective photoprotectiveagents, growing evidence suggests that BPs can act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), interfering with hormone regulation and reproductive functions. Thisreview summarizes the current knowledge on BP exposure, metabolism, and theirpotential effects on reproductive health. We discuss the mechanisms by which BPsinteract with hormonal receptors, alter steroid metabolism, and influence thehypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Special attention is given to BP-2 and BP-3,which have been detected in human biological samples, including urine, blood, andfetal tissues. Additionally, we highlight recent findings from in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating their estrogenic activity and potential impact on reproduction. Thereview also addresses regulatory concerns, emphasizing the need for stricter policiesto limit human and environmental exposure to BPs. Understanding the effects ofthese chemicals is essential for assessing their safety and developing alternatives tomitigate potential health risks.