Efecto de glifosato sobre el crecimiento y la reproducción de crustáceos superiores

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2018-04-27
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El glifosato es el herbicida más utilizado actualmente en Argentina, y sus efectos deletéreos a largo plazo sobre los organismos acuáticos que se encuentran potencialmente expuestos, recién comienzan a conocerse. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron determinar los efectos subletales de glifosato (ácido y/o una formulación comercial): -sobre la tasa de crecimiento, los niveles de las principales reservas energéticas y la actividad de algunas enzimas del metabolismo intermedio en juveniles de C. quadricarinatus; -sobre el potencial reproductivo de hembras adultas de N. granulata; - sobre la incubación del desove y la eclosión larval en tres especies de crustáceos con diferente tipo de desarrollo (directo o indirecto). En juveniles tempranos de Cherax quadricarinatus expuestos a glifosato ácido, la ganancia en peso, los niveles de varias reservas energéticas y la actividad enzimática indicaron, en conjunto, un cuadro de estrés crónico asociado a una depresión metabólica, así como a un posible daño tisular. Al evaluar, tanto in vivo como in vitro, los efectos del herbicida sobre el crecimiento ovárico de Neohelice granulata se observó, a concentraciones relativamente bajas de glifosato ácido y tiempos de exposición relativamente prolongados (período pre-reproductivo de tres meses), un aumento de las reabsorciones oocitarias, mientras que a concentraciones mayores y tiempos más cortos (remaduración gonadal) se observó una estimulación del crecimiento ovárico, sugiriendo que el glifosato podría actuar como un desorganizador endocrino. Algunos resultados obtenidos in vitro aportaron también evidencias a favor de esta hipótesis. Finalmente, se evaluaron los efectos del glifosato sobre la progenie. Las larvas eclosionadas de hembras ovígeras de N. granulata expuestas a glifosato formulado (Roundup Ultramax®), se redujeron en número y presentaron varias anormalidades morfológicas. Los juveniles del camarón Neocaridina heteropoda heteropoda metabolizaron menos vitelo durante el desarrollo embrionario, por efecto de glifosato ácido, mientras que los estadios embrionarios tardíos de C. quadricarinatus se vieron afectados en su sobrevida y crecimiento, aunque a concentraciones relativamente elevadas del formulado.
Glyphosate is the herbicide currently most used in Argentina, whose long-term deleterious effects on the aquatic organisms potentially exposed, are just beginning to be studied. The aims of this work were to determine the sublethal effects of glyphosate (acid and/or a commercial formulation): on the growth rate, levels of the main energy reserves and the activity of some enzymes of intermediate metabolism in juveniles of C. quadricarinatus; -on the reproductive potential of adult females of N. granulata; -on incubation of spawning and larval hatching in three crustacean species with different types of development (direct or indirect). In early juveniles of Cherax quadricarinatus exposed to acid glyphosate, several variables such as weight gain, levels of energetic reserves and enzymatic activity indicated a chronic stress syndrome, associated to both a metabolic depression and tissue damage. After evaluating, both in vivo and in vitro, the effects of the herbicide on the ovarian growth of Neohelice granulata, an increase of oocyte reabsorption was seen at relatively low concentrations and longer times of exposure to acid glyphosate (three months of pre-reproductive period), while stimulation of the ovarian growth was observed at higher concentrations and lower times of exposure (gonad re-maturation), suggesting that glyphosate could act as an endocrine disrupter. Some results obtained in vitro also provided evidence supporting this hypothesis. Finally, the effects of glyphosate on the progeny were also evaluated. Larvae hatched from N. granulata ovigerous females exposed to formulated glyphosate (Roundup Ultramax®) decreased in number, also presenting several morphological abnormalities. Juveniles of the shrimp Neocaridina heteropoda heteropoda metabolized less amount of vitellum during the embryonic development, by effect of acid glyphosate, while late embryonic instars of C. quadricarinatus were affected in their survival and growth, although at relatively high concentrations of the commercial formulation.
Glyphosate is the herbicide currently most used in Argentina, whose long-term deleterious effects on the aquatic organisms potentially exposed, are just beginning to be studied. The aims of this work were to determine the sublethal effects of glyphosate (acid and/or a commercial formulation): on the growth rate, levels of the main energy reserves and the activity of some enzymes of intermediate metabolism in juveniles of C. quadricarinatus; -on the reproductive potential of adult females of N. granulata; -on incubation of spawning and larval hatching in three crustacean species with different types of development (direct or indirect). In early juveniles of Cherax quadricarinatus exposed to acid glyphosate, several variables such as weight gain, levels of energetic reserves and enzymatic activity indicated a chronic stress syndrome, associated to both a metabolic depression and tissue damage. After evaluating, both in vivo and in vitro, the effects of the herbicide on the ovarian growth of Neohelice granulata, an increase of oocyte reabsorption was seen at relatively low concentrations and longer times of exposure to acid glyphosate (three months of pre-reproductive period), while stimulation of the ovarian growth was observed at higher concentrations and lower times of exposure (gonad re-maturation), suggesting that glyphosate could act as an endocrine disrupter. Some results obtained in vitro also provided evidence supporting this hypothesis. Finally, the effects of glyphosate on the progeny were also evaluated. Larvae hatched from N. granulata ovigerous females exposed to formulated glyphosate (Roundup Ultramax®) decreased in number, also presenting several morphological abnormalities. Juveniles of the shrimp Neocaridina heteropoda heteropoda metabolized less amount of vitellum during the embryonic development, by effect of acid glyphosate, while late embryonic instars of C. quadricarinatus were affected in their survival and growth, although at relatively high concentrations of the commercial formulation.
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