Effective temperature from fluctuation-dissipation theorem in systems with bipartite eigenmode entanglement

Abstract

In thermal equilibrium, the fluctuation-dissipation theorem relates the linear response and correlation functions in a model and observable independent fashion. Out of equilibrium, these relations still hold if the equilibrium temperature is replaced by an observable and frequency-dependent parameter (effective temperature). When the system achieves a long-time thermal state all of these effective temperatures should be equal and constant. Following this approach we examine the long-times regime after a quantum quench in a system with bipartite entanglement in which the asymptotic values of the observable are compatible with the ones obtained in a Gibbs ensemble. We observe that when the initial entanglement is large, and for a large range of (intermediate) frequencies, the effective temperatures corresponding to the analyzed local and nonlocal operators approach an approximate constant value equal to the temperature that governs the decay of correlations. Still, the residual frequency dependence in the effective temperature, and the differences observed among observables, discards strict thermalization.