Buoyancy of sub-Antarctic notothenioids including the sister lineage of all other notothenioids (Bovichtidae)

Abstract

The radiation of notothenioid fishes (Perciformes) in Antarctic waters was likely the result of an absence of competition in the isolated Antarctic waters and key traits such as the production of antifreeze glycoprotein and buoyancy modifications. Although notothenioids lack a swim bladder, the buoyancy of Antarctic species, ranging from neutrally buoyant to relatively heavy, corresponds to diverse life styles. The buoyancy of South American notothenioids has not been studied. Static buoyancy was measured in adult notothenioids (n = 263, from six species of the sub-order Notothenioidei, families Bovichtidae, Eleginopidae, Nototheniidae, and Harpagiferidae) from theBeagle Channel. Measurements were expressed as percentage buoyancy (%B). Buoyancy ranged from 3.88 to 6.96% (median, 4.0?6.7%), and therefore, all species could be considered benthic consistent with previous studies that found that neutral buoyancy in notothenioids is rare.Harpagifer bispinis, Patagonotothen cornucola, and Cottoperca gobio were significantly less buoyant than Paranotothenia magellanica. The buoyancy values of most species were concordant with known habitat preferences. These data, especially the data of C. gobio (sister lineage ofall other nototehnioids) and E. maclovinus (sister lineage of the Antarctic clade of notothenioids), could be useful for understanding the diversification of this feature during the notothenioid radiation.