Vitellogenesis and Embryogenesis in Spiders: A Biochemical Perspective

Abstract

This review compiles information on the biochemistry of spider reproduction,from vitellogenesis to postembryonic development. Despite the diversity of spiders, bio-chemical studies on their reproduction remain scarce. The structures, functions, andrelationships of vitellogenins and lipovitellins across different groups are compared. Infor-mation on two vitellogenin-associated proteins (30 and 47 kDa) is presented and discussed.By analyzing females at different reproductive stages—previtellogenesis, early vitelloge-nesis, vitellogenesis, and postvitellogenesis—as well as males, we examined lipid andfatty acid synthesis, mobilization, and accumulation in the yolk. Lipid dynamics acrossvitellogenic organs, such as the intestinal diverticula, hemolymph, and ovaries, were estab-lished. Structural lipids, mainly phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, werethe predominant yolk components, followed by triacylglycerols. The gonadosomatic andhepatosomatic indices are described for the first time in spiders, providing a new tool forstudying vitellogenesis. Hemocyanin was detected in early spider eggs, suggesting a rolein organogenesis, with its concentration increasing in later embryonic stages. In contrast,lipovitellin consumption was observed throughout embryonic development until juvenileemergence. The data compiled in this review provide valuable insights into the molecularinteractions underlying a key process for oviparous animals.