La retirada de los grupos económicos argentinos durante la crisis y salida del régimen de convertibilidad

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Fecha
01/2013
Editorial
Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social
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Desarrollo Económico
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0046-001X
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El objetivo de este artículo es responder por qué y cómo se produjo el repliegue de los grupos económicos nacionales de la cúpula empresarial argentina a partir del análisis de sus estrategias y desempeños durante la segunda mitad de los años noventa. Se argumenta en función de dos hipótesis centrales. La primera afirma que la retirada de los grupos nacionales fue originada por el amplio alcance y el acelerado ritmo de implementación de las reformas estructurales. La radicalidad de los cambios introducidos modificó drásticamente dos factores que habían tenido un rol central en la expansión de los grupos durante las dos décadas previas –el tipo de intervención estatal en la economía y la vinculación entre los grupos y las empresas transnacionales–, obligándolos a modificar sus estrategias con resultados dispares. La segunda sostiene que la retirada tuvo un carácter heterogéneo, siendo el resultado de dos cursos de acción claramente diferentes. Por un lado, el de grupos que a partir de mediados de la década llevaron adelante estrategias que apuntaron a un repliegue planificado –parcial o total– de la economía local. Por el otro, el de organizaciones que intentaron consolidar su presencia, pero que fracasaron y debieron ser vendidas al capital extranjero o directamente quebraron.
This paper has the purpose of explaining why and how, during the 1990s, the withdrawal of national economic groups took place. To fulfill this aim it is analyzed the groups’ strategies and performances. The argument is based on two main hypotheses. The first one claims that the withdrawal of national groups was caused by the broad scope and rapid pace of structural reforms implementation. The economic liberalization policies modified two factors that had played a central role in group’s expansion during the previous two decades: the kind of state intervention in the economy and the relationship between groups and transnational companies. As a result the groups had to change their strategies with mixed outcomes. The second hypothesis states that the withdrawal was heterogeneous due to two different courses of action. On the one hand, there is the trajectory of groups that conducted planned exit strategies –partial or total– of the local economy towards mid 1990s. On the other hand, it can be observed the paths of groups that tried to strengthen their presence but failed and had to sell the groups’ companies to foreign capital or go on bankrupt.
This paper has the purpose of explaining why and how, during the 1990s, the withdrawal of national economic groups took place. To fulfill this aim it is analyzed the groups’ strategies and performances. The argument is based on two main hypotheses. The first one claims that the withdrawal of national groups was caused by the broad scope and rapid pace of structural reforms implementation. The economic liberalization policies modified two factors that had played a central role in group’s expansion during the previous two decades: the kind of state intervention in the economy and the relationship between groups and transnational companies. As a result the groups had to change their strategies with mixed outcomes. The second hypothesis states that the withdrawal was heterogeneous due to two different courses of action. On the one hand, there is the trajectory of groups that conducted planned exit strategies –partial or total– of the local economy towards mid 1990s. On the other hand, it can be observed the paths of groups that tried to strengthen their presence but failed and had to sell the groups’ companies to foreign capital or go on bankrupt.
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