Los bañados de desborde fluvial: Una mirada desde la geohidrología
; Kruse, Eduardo Emilio
; Gomez, Nora 
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Fecha
12/2020
Editorial
Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo
Revista
Biologia Acuática
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ISSN
1668-4869
eISSN
0326-1638
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Español
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Resumen
Los bañados de desborde fluvial (BDF) abarcan tramos (cientos de metros a kilómetros) de los sistemas fluviales pampeanos, con características y funciones particulares. Estos humedales se originan por un afloramiento del nivel freático y una disminución local del gradiente hidráulico, lo que da lugar a un ensanchamiento del curso de agua principal y la aparición de una red de microdrenaje que acompaña a este último. Estas condiciones favorecen el desarrollo de humedales asociados al curso principal, con un importante desarrollo de la vegetación característica de suelos muy húmedos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue el de analizar las características hidrológicas y la calidad del agua de los BDF en zonas urbanizadas con actividad agrícola (localizados en los arroyos Carnaval y Del Gato) y en zonas rurales con ganadería extensiva (ubicados en los arroyos Cajaravillas y Chubichaminí), del NE de la provincia de Buenos Aires, con el fin de reconocer cómo los diferentes usos del suelo modifican las condiciones de conservación de los humedales. Los análisis geohidrológicos se realizaron a escala regional (cuenca), semi-detalle (subcuenca) y detallada (BDF). Los resultados mostraron que la sobreexplotación de las aguas subterráneas afecta a la permanencia del agua en los humedales, debido a la desconexión entre el nivel freático y el nivel basal de los BDF situados en las zonas urbanizadas con actividad agrícola. En estos últimos se ha observado también que el aporte de nutrientes contribuye significativamente al deterioro de la calidad del agua. La conclusión es que un diagnóstico ambiental de estos BDF requiere un enfoque regional de los procesos hidrológicos para adoptar acciones adecuadas para su conservación.
The riverine wetlands (RW´s) cover stretches (ranging from hundreds of meters to kilometers) of the Pampean river systems, with particular characteristics and functions. These wetlands are the result of an outcropping of the phreatic level and a local decrease in the hydraulic gradient, which gives rise to a widening of the main watercourse and the appearance of a micro-drainage network that accompanies the latter. These conditions favor the development of wetlands associated with the main course, with a significant development of the vegetation that is characteristic of very wet soils. The aim of this study was to analyze the hydrological characteristics and water quality of the RW´s located in urbanized areas with agricultural activity (located in Carnaval and Del Gato streams) and in rural areas with extensive cattle farming (located in Cajaravillas and Chubichaminí streams), in order to recognize how different land uses modify the conservation conditions of the wetlands. The geohydrological analyses were carried out on a regional (basin), semi-detailed (sub-basin) and detailed (RW´s) scale. The results showed that the overexploitation of groundwater affects the permanence of water in the wetlands, due to the disconnection between the phreatic level and the basal level of the RW located in the urbanized area with agricultural activity. In the latter, it has also been observed that the contribution of nutrients contributes to the deterioration of water quality. The conclusion is that an environmental diagnosis of these requires a regional approach to hydrological processes in order to adopt adequate actions for their conservation.
The riverine wetlands (RW´s) cover stretches (ranging from hundreds of meters to kilometers) of the Pampean river systems, with particular characteristics and functions. These wetlands are the result of an outcropping of the phreatic level and a local decrease in the hydraulic gradient, which gives rise to a widening of the main watercourse and the appearance of a micro-drainage network that accompanies the latter. These conditions favor the development of wetlands associated with the main course, with a significant development of the vegetation that is characteristic of very wet soils. The aim of this study was to analyze the hydrological characteristics and water quality of the RW´s located in urbanized areas with agricultural activity (located in Carnaval and Del Gato streams) and in rural areas with extensive cattle farming (located in Cajaravillas and Chubichaminí streams), in order to recognize how different land uses modify the conservation conditions of the wetlands. The geohydrological analyses were carried out on a regional (basin), semi-detailed (sub-basin) and detailed (RW´s) scale. The results showed that the overexploitation of groundwater affects the permanence of water in the wetlands, due to the disconnection between the phreatic level and the basal level of the RW located in the urbanized area with agricultural activity. In the latter, it has also been observed that the contribution of nutrients contributes to the deterioration of water quality. The conclusion is that an environmental diagnosis of these requires a regional approach to hydrological processes in order to adopt adequate actions for their conservation.
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