Evaluación química y toxicológica de efluentes de tambos en una subcuenca lechera de Argentina
; Poggio Herrero, Ingrid Violeta
; Hidalgo, Agustín ; Pérez, Camila Kassandra ; Casado, Rocío Denisse ; Rodríguez, Camila Otros responsables
Fecha
11/2025
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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental
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0188-4999
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La actividad lechera en La Pampa contaba en 2020 con 133 tambos (granjas lecheras), mayormente ubicados en la subcuenca lechera sur. En los últimos años, la intensificación de la industria conllevó una intensificación de la producción de efluentes en los tambos. Estos desechos (combinación de excretas, alimento y químicos utilizados en la limpieza y el saneamiento) generan un efluente potencialmente negativo para el ambiente. Debido a la falta de información sobre estos efectos, se realizó una encuesta aleatoria a 25 tambos de esta subcuenca para caracterizarlos. Con base en ello, se seleccionaron nueve tambos para analizar sus efluentes. La encuesta indicó que un tambo promedio utilizaba entre 2620 y 12400 L/d, principalmente para el lavado de pisos, la cámara de enfriamiento y el lavado del equipo, y que el agua se desechaba sin tratamiento previo en canales o pozos. Los análisis químicos indicaron altos valores de demanda química de oxígeno (179-683 mgO2/L), nitrógeno total (48-221 mgN/L), nitrógeno amoniacal (7-146 mgN-NH4 +/L), fósforo total (14-57 mgP/L) y fosfatos (2-15 mg P-PO4 3–/L). Todos estos valores superaron ampliamente los límites establecidos por ley. Los bioensayos de toxicidad con Daphnia magna indicaron efluentes tóxicos o muy tóxicos para la biota (CL50: 51.3-10.5 %). Sin embargo, no se pudo asociar esta toxicidad a ninguna de las variables estudiadas, lo que indica que pueden existir interacciones entre ellas o bien con compuestos no estudiados en este proyecto. El contenido de nutrientes demuestra buen potencial para reúso como riego, previo tratamiento. Es imperativo que la nueva legislación incluya análisis de toxicidad.
Dairy activity in La Pampa in 2020 included 133 dairy farms, mostly located in the southern dairy sub-basin. In recent years, industry intensification has led to increased wastewater production from these dairy farms. These wastes (a combination of manure, feed residues, and cleaning chemicals) pose a potential environmental threat. Due to the lack of data about these environmental effects, a randomized survey of 25 dairy farms in this sub-basin was conducted. Nine of them were selected to analyze their effluents. The survey revealed that an average dairy farm used between 2620 and 12 400 L/d primarily for floor washing, cooling chambers, and equipment cleaning. This wastewater was typically discharged into canals or wells without prior treatment. Chemical analyses of the effluents indicated elevated levels of several parameters: chemical oxygen demand (179-683 mgO2/L), total nitrogen (48-221 mgN/L), ammonia nitrogen (7-146 mgN-NH4 +/L), total phosphorus (14-57 mgP/L), and phosphates (2-15 mg P-PO4 3–/L). All these values greatly exceeded the limits established by law. Toxicity bioassays using Daphnia magna indicated that the effluents were toxic or highly toxic to biota (LC50: 51.3-10.5 %). However, this toxicity could not be associated with any of the variables studied, indicating that there may be interactions between them, or it may be due to compounds not studied in this project. The nutrient content demonstrates good potential for reuse as irrigation after treatment. It is imperative that new legislation include toxicity analysis.
Dairy activity in La Pampa in 2020 included 133 dairy farms, mostly located in the southern dairy sub-basin. In recent years, industry intensification has led to increased wastewater production from these dairy farms. These wastes (a combination of manure, feed residues, and cleaning chemicals) pose a potential environmental threat. Due to the lack of data about these environmental effects, a randomized survey of 25 dairy farms in this sub-basin was conducted. Nine of them were selected to analyze their effluents. The survey revealed that an average dairy farm used between 2620 and 12 400 L/d primarily for floor washing, cooling chambers, and equipment cleaning. This wastewater was typically discharged into canals or wells without prior treatment. Chemical analyses of the effluents indicated elevated levels of several parameters: chemical oxygen demand (179-683 mgO2/L), total nitrogen (48-221 mgN/L), ammonia nitrogen (7-146 mgN-NH4 +/L), total phosphorus (14-57 mgP/L), and phosphates (2-15 mg P-PO4 3–/L). All these values greatly exceeded the limits established by law. Toxicity bioassays using Daphnia magna indicated that the effluents were toxic or highly toxic to biota (LC50: 51.3-10.5 %). However, this toxicity could not be associated with any of the variables studied, indicating that there may be interactions between them, or it may be due to compounds not studied in this project. The nutrient content demonstrates good potential for reuse as irrigation after treatment. It is imperative that new legislation include toxicity analysis.
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