Lactona sesquitérpenicas promisorio grupo de compuestos naturales bioactivos
; Sülsen, Valeria Patricia 
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11/2019
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Academia Nacional de Farmacia y Bioquímica
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Revista Farmacéutica
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0034-9496
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Las lactonas sesquiterpénicas son un grupo de compuestos naturales presentes mayormente en la familia Asteraceae, pero también en Apiaceae, Magnoliaceae y Lauraceae. Al día de hoy se han informado alrededor de 8000 de estos compuestos. Consisten en un esqueleto de quince carbonos con numerosas modificaciones que resultan en una variedad de estructuras con la característica común de tener un anillo de γ-lactona. Se clasifican en cuatro grandes grupos: germacranólidos, eudesmanólidos, guaianólidos y pseudoguaianólidos, existiendo diversos subgrupos. Hay un interés creciente en este tipo de moléculas debido a que presentan una diversidad de actividades biológicas. Entre ellas la actividad antimicrobiana, antitumoral, antiinflamatoria, antioxidante, antiulcerogénica, mollusquicida, antihelmíntica, hepatoprotectora, antiprotozoaria y antidepresiva. Poseen también propiedades amargas. Además, juegan un rol importante en la interacción de las plantas y los insectos, actuando como atractores, disuasivos y antialimentarios. Las lactonas sesquiterpénicas fueron consideradas en un principio como muy citotóxicas, pero las modificaciones químicas introducidas en estas moléculas han incrementado sus actividadesbiológicas y han disminuido su citotoxicidad, de modo que han atraído la atención como moléculas líderes. Los derivados de la artemisinina, arteéter y arteméter, son drogas usadas en la actualidad y la mipsagargina, una prodroga obtenida a partir de la tapsigargina y el dimetilamino partenólido, un análogo sintético del partenólido, están bajo ensayos clínicos. En este trabajo se presentarán los resultados más relevantes encontrados en la literatura sobre las lactonas sesquiterpénicas más representativas: artemisinina, partenólido, cinaropicrina, dehidroleucodina, mexicanina, helenalina, costunólido, santonina, arglabina y tapsigargina.
Sesquiterpene lactones are a group of naturally occurring compounds most of them found in the Asteraceae family but also present in Apiaceae, Magnoliaceae, and Lauraceae. To date about 8000 compounds have been reported. They consist of a fifteen carbon backbone with numerous modifications resulting in a variety of structures but with the common feature of a γ-lactone ring. They are classified in four major groups: germacranolides, eudesmanolides, guaianolides, and pseudoguaianolides, though there are other subtypes. There has been an increasing interest in sesquiterpene lactones due to the wide range of biological activities they present. Among the activities found, antimicrobial, antitumor, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiulcerogenic, molluscicidal, antihelminthic, hepatoprotective, antiprotozoal, antidepressant, and bitter properties have been described. Besides, they play an important role in the interaction of plants with insects acting as attractants, deterrents, and antifeedants. These compounds were considered at first highly cytotoxic, but chemical transformations have enhanced their biological activities and diminished their cytotoxicity, so considerable attention has been drawn again on them as lead molecules. Artemisinin derivatives, artesunate, and artemether are drugs currently being employed, and dimethylaminoparthenolide, a parthenolide synthetic analogue, and mipsagargin, a prodrug from thapsigargin, are under clinical trials. A summary with the most important findings about the known sesquiterpene lactones, artemisinin, parthenolide, cynaropicrin, dehydroleucodine, mexicanin, helenalin, costunolide, santonin, arglabin, and thapsigargin, will be given.
Sesquiterpene lactones are a group of naturally occurring compounds most of them found in the Asteraceae family but also present in Apiaceae, Magnoliaceae, and Lauraceae. To date about 8000 compounds have been reported. They consist of a fifteen carbon backbone with numerous modifications resulting in a variety of structures but with the common feature of a γ-lactone ring. They are classified in four major groups: germacranolides, eudesmanolides, guaianolides, and pseudoguaianolides, though there are other subtypes. There has been an increasing interest in sesquiterpene lactones due to the wide range of biological activities they present. Among the activities found, antimicrobial, antitumor, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiulcerogenic, molluscicidal, antihelminthic, hepatoprotective, antiprotozoal, antidepressant, and bitter properties have been described. Besides, they play an important role in the interaction of plants with insects acting as attractants, deterrents, and antifeedants. These compounds were considered at first highly cytotoxic, but chemical transformations have enhanced their biological activities and diminished their cytotoxicity, so considerable attention has been drawn again on them as lead molecules. Artemisinin derivatives, artesunate, and artemether are drugs currently being employed, and dimethylaminoparthenolide, a parthenolide synthetic analogue, and mipsagargin, a prodrug from thapsigargin, are under clinical trials. A summary with the most important findings about the known sesquiterpene lactones, artemisinin, parthenolide, cynaropicrin, dehydroleucodine, mexicanin, helenalin, costunolide, santonin, arglabin, and thapsigargin, will be given.
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