Nanoinsecticidas: Nuevas perspectivas para el control de plagas
; Buteler, Micaela
; Weaver, David K. Otros responsables
Fecha
12/2010
Editorial
Sociedad Entomológica Argentina
Revista
Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina
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0373-5680
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Resumen
La agricultura de bajo impacto ambiental demanda nuevos pesticidas que deben ajustarse a las exigentes normativas internacionales. Parte de la búsqueda de nuevos productos bio-acionales se desarrolla por fuera del marco de la síntesis orgánica, explorando diferentes sustancias de origen natural como extractos vegetales, aceites insecticidas e insecticidas inorgánicos. Los polvos insecticidas representan el grupo más antiguo de sustancias utilizadas por el hombre para el control de plagas, cuya eficacia se basa principalmente en fenómenos físicos. Con el advenimiento de los insecticidas de síntesis, los polvos insecticidas fueron relegados por casi cinco décadas a la función de carriers de principios activos dentro de los insecticidas formulados. Con el desarrollo del caolín hidrófobo en la década de los 90´, los polvos inorgánicos resurgieron como insecticidas ?per se?, y, recientemente, a partir del descubrimiento de los nanoinsecticidas, afloran nuevas alternativas para expandir el espectro de aplicaciones de los polvos inorgánicos. El desarrollo y registro de nuevos productos a partir de nanomateriales manufacturados se basa en el paradigma ?lo mismo pero diferente?, ya que éstos difieren de las sustancias con idéntica estructura y composición química respecto de algunas propiedades como reactividad, área especifica, efectos cuánticos, carga eléctrica, etc. Estas sustancias con nuevas propiedades también se destacan como herramientas muy prometedoras para la protección de cultivos y la producción de alimentos y abren nuevas fronteras para el manejo de plagas con nanoinsecticidas. La alúmina nanoestructurada exhibe varias de las propiedades del insecticida ideal, ya que se trata de un producto natural desde el punto de vista químico, no reactivo, económico, con reducidas probabilidades de provocar resistencia en los insectos y su eficacia es mayor que la de otros polvos insecticidas como el caolín o la tierra de diatomeas. La masiva aparición de productos a base de nanomateriales en el mercado ha superado la velocidad a la que se evalúa su potencial impacto, de modo que la aplicación avanza por delante de la regulación para su uso. Esto sugiere la urgente necesidad de investigar los potenciales riesgos que surgen del empleo de estos productos en general, de los nanoinsecticidas en particular y sus efectos sobre organismos no blancos, así como sobre las nuevas tecnologías de aplicación más seguras y eficientes. Los actuales niveles de aplicación de nanopartículas y los desarrollos por venir, sugieren que la nanotecnología tendrá un efecto directo sobre las tendencias de la evolución de la agricultura para el control de plagas.
Sustainable agriculture demands new environmentally friendly pesticides that adhere to strict international regulations. Part of the research on new biorational pesticides focuses on natural products such as plant extracts, oils, and inorganic insecticides. Insecticidal dusts represent the oldest group of substances used by men for pest management, and their efficacy is based on physical phenomena. With the advent of synthetic pesticides, insecticidal dusts were used as carriers for other active ingredients in formulated insecticides. Organic dusts made a come-back as insecticides with the discovery of hidrophobic kaolin in the 90's. Recently, the discovery of nanoinsecticides brings new alternatives to expand the spectrum of applications of inorganic dusts. Development and registry of nanomaterials is based on the idea that they are not new materials, although they have different properties than the products with the same chemical structure, given that novel properties emerge from products when they are at the nanoscale. For example, reactivity, specific area, electric charge and quantum effects may differ. These substances with new properties are promising as tools for crop protection and food production, opening new frontiers for nanoinsecticides in pest management. For example, nanostructured alumina has been shown to have insecticidal properties, and it possesses some of the characteristics of an ideal insecticide, given that it is a natural product, not reactive, economical, with reduced probabilities of generating resistance in insects, and it is more effective than other commercially available insecticidal dusts. The current use of nanotechnology in a wide array of fields and products as well as the recent discovery of their potential in crop protection suggests that nanomaterials have a great potential for development of new products that will impact agriculture. Given the recent and widespread use of nanomaterials, there is an urgent need to study the impact of these products on human health and non target organisms, as well as to research more efficient and safer delivery technologies. The current levels of application of nanoparticles and the expected developments to come, suggest that nanotechnology will have a direct impact on the evolution of pest management practices in agriculture.
Sustainable agriculture demands new environmentally friendly pesticides that adhere to strict international regulations. Part of the research on new biorational pesticides focuses on natural products such as plant extracts, oils, and inorganic insecticides. Insecticidal dusts represent the oldest group of substances used by men for pest management, and their efficacy is based on physical phenomena. With the advent of synthetic pesticides, insecticidal dusts were used as carriers for other active ingredients in formulated insecticides. Organic dusts made a come-back as insecticides with the discovery of hidrophobic kaolin in the 90's. Recently, the discovery of nanoinsecticides brings new alternatives to expand the spectrum of applications of inorganic dusts. Development and registry of nanomaterials is based on the idea that they are not new materials, although they have different properties than the products with the same chemical structure, given that novel properties emerge from products when they are at the nanoscale. For example, reactivity, specific area, electric charge and quantum effects may differ. These substances with new properties are promising as tools for crop protection and food production, opening new frontiers for nanoinsecticides in pest management. For example, nanostructured alumina has been shown to have insecticidal properties, and it possesses some of the characteristics of an ideal insecticide, given that it is a natural product, not reactive, economical, with reduced probabilities of generating resistance in insects, and it is more effective than other commercially available insecticidal dusts. The current use of nanotechnology in a wide array of fields and products as well as the recent discovery of their potential in crop protection suggests that nanomaterials have a great potential for development of new products that will impact agriculture. Given the recent and widespread use of nanomaterials, there is an urgent need to study the impact of these products on human health and non target organisms, as well as to research more efficient and safer delivery technologies. The current levels of application of nanoparticles and the expected developments to come, suggest that nanotechnology will have a direct impact on the evolution of pest management practices in agriculture.
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