Levantando el velo doméstico: el desafío de exportar bienes diferenciados a países desarrollados

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Fecha
04/2014
Editorial
Instituto de Desarrollo Económico y Social
Revista
Desarrollo Económico
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ISSN
0046-001X
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Español
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Resumen
Varios países en desarrollo exhiben un desempeño débil como exportadores de bienes diferenciados a países desarrollados. Este trabajo construye un marco analítico que explica los principales obstáculos que impiden a los productores de bienes diferenciados establecer una presencia estable en el mundo desarrollado y el proceso a través del cual dichos obstáculos pueden ser superados. Construimos el marco analítico en base a estudios de caso de emergencia exportadora en cuatro industrias argentinas: vinos, programas de televisión, yates a motor y muebles de madera. Debido al escaso número de sectores estudiados, las hipótesis planteadas aquí requieren de trabajos futuros que las pongan a prueba en un conjunto amplio de sectores. Encontramos que exportar consistentemente a países desarrollados exige la adopción de cambios drásticos en la forma de concebir y llevar adelante las actividades de la firma con respecto a las prácticas de negocios que imperan entre las firmas orientadas al mercado doméstico. En tres de los cuatro sectores que estudiamos, un pionero exportador fue el primero en implementar dichos cambios. Sus acciones definieron un marco de referencia, desencadenando un proceso de difusión que fomentó el surgimiento de exportaciones en el sector. La característica fundamental que distingue a los pioneros exportadores es su ventaja de conocimiento sobre los mercados externos fruto de su inmersión (embeddedness) previa en la comunidad de negocios de su industria en un país desarrollado.
Several developing countries exhibit a weak performance as exporters of differentiated goods to developed countries. This paper builds a conceptual framework to explain the main obstacles that prevent producers of differentiated products from establishing a consistent presence in the developed world and the process through which those obstacles may be overcome. We build our framework based on case studies of export emergence in four Argentine industries: wines, television programs, motorboats, and wooden furniture. Due to the small number of sectors studied, further work is needed to test the hypotheses we build here in a broad set of sectors. We find that exporting consistently to developed countries requires the adoption of drastic changes in how business is conceived and conducted relative to the business practices that prevail among domestically-oriented firms. In three of the sectors we study, an export pioneer was the first to implement those changes. His actions set a benchmark, unleashing a diffusion process that fostered export emergence in the sector. The distinguishing feature of export pioneers is their knowledge advantage about foreign markets stemming from their previous embeddedness in the business community of their industry in a developed country.
Several developing countries exhibit a weak performance as exporters of differentiated goods to developed countries. This paper builds a conceptual framework to explain the main obstacles that prevent producers of differentiated products from establishing a consistent presence in the developed world and the process through which those obstacles may be overcome. We build our framework based on case studies of export emergence in four Argentine industries: wines, television programs, motorboats, and wooden furniture. Due to the small number of sectors studied, further work is needed to test the hypotheses we build here in a broad set of sectors. We find that exporting consistently to developed countries requires the adoption of drastic changes in how business is conceived and conducted relative to the business practices that prevail among domestically-oriented firms. In three of the sectors we study, an export pioneer was the first to implement those changes. His actions set a benchmark, unleashing a diffusion process that fostered export emergence in the sector. The distinguishing feature of export pioneers is their knowledge advantage about foreign markets stemming from their previous embeddedness in the business community of their industry in a developed country.
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