Next generation bioplastics based on renewable resources and their potential applications

Abstract

Challenges associated with the recyclability and end-of-life management of plastics are leading to a search for more environmentally friendly alternatives. The amount of conventional plastic that is recycled represents a tiny percentage of what is made. Most is sent to landfills or simply accumulates in the environment, which presents a challenge due to the generation of micro- and nanoplastics. Next-generation bioplastics have emerged as an option in recent years. Polyhydroxyalkanoates, polylactic acid, thermoplastic starch, lignocellulosic biocomposites, protein-based materials, seaweed, among others, can be regarded as promising alternatives to conventional plastics. These materials are innovative; some, such as polylactic acid and thermoplastic starch, are already established in the market, while others have recently gained ground in various sectors, including lignocellulosic biocomposites in the automotive industry and bioplastics based on marine algae for food packaging. However, this transition should not be limited to replacement. The study analyzes recent advances in next-generation bioplastics, including classification and potential applications. The study also explores key challenges and regulatory perspectives.