Contando llamas en el Noroeste Argentino: un abordaje a partir del Censo Nacional Agropecuario (1888-2018)

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Fecha
10/2021
Editorial
Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Arqueología y Museo
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Mundo de Antes
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2362-325X
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En el presente trabajo se analizan los Censos Nacionales Agropecuarios del período 1888-2018 para evaluar la representación de la llama en el Noroeste Argentino con relación al ganado introducido tras la conquista española (bovino, ovino, caprino, equino, porcino, asnal/mular). En todo el período se observa una baja representación de la llama y una concentración en la Puna de Jujuy, Salta y Catamarca. Esto profundiza lo observado en el período colonial: preferencias por el ganado euroasiático y una tendencia al reemplazo de los diversos recursos que ofrece el ganado autóctono. Al mismo tiempo, se observa un constante aumento de las cabezas de llamas a través de los años, con mayor impulso desde 1988. Esto se da de manera simultánea a una disminución marcada y progresiva de las cabezas del resto del ganado desde 1930. Varios procesos combinados pueden explicar este fenómeno: a periferización económica y pecuaria sufrida por el NOA desde inicios del siglo XX, la persistencia de la ganadería de escala familiar y de autosubsistencia, la desestructuración progresiva de las familias pastoras, el desarrollo en las últimas décadas del turismo rural y gastronómico y la mayor visibilización de las comunidades indígenas y la revalorización de sus prácticas.
In this work we analyse the National Agricultural Census for the period 1888-2018 to evaluate the llama’s representation in Northwest Argentina, related to the cattle introduced after the Spanish conquest (bovine, ovine, goat, equine, porcine, donkey/ mule). Throughout the studied period there is a low representation of the llama as well as its concentration in the highlands of Jujuy, Salta and Catamarca. This points towards a continuity of what was observed in the colonial period: a preference for Eurasian cattle and a tendency to replace the resources that autochthonous cattle offer. At the same time, a constant increase in llama heads is observed over the years, with a higher growth since 1988. This occurs simultaneously with a marked and progressive decrease in the heads of the rest of the cattle since 1930. Several combined processes can explain this phenomenon: the economic and animal husbandry peripherization suffered by the Northwet Argentina since the beginning of the 20th century, the persistence of family-scale and selfsubsistence herding, the progressive destructuring of pastoral families, the development of the rural and gastronomic tourism in the last decades and the increased visibility of indigenous communities and the revaluation of their practices.
In this work we analyse the National Agricultural Census for the period 1888-2018 to evaluate the llama’s representation in Northwest Argentina, related to the cattle introduced after the Spanish conquest (bovine, ovine, goat, equine, porcine, donkey/ mule). Throughout the studied period there is a low representation of the llama as well as its concentration in the highlands of Jujuy, Salta and Catamarca. This points towards a continuity of what was observed in the colonial period: a preference for Eurasian cattle and a tendency to replace the resources that autochthonous cattle offer. At the same time, a constant increase in llama heads is observed over the years, with a higher growth since 1988. This occurs simultaneously with a marked and progressive decrease in the heads of the rest of the cattle since 1930. Several combined processes can explain this phenomenon: the economic and animal husbandry peripherization suffered by the Northwet Argentina since the beginning of the 20th century, the persistence of family-scale and selfsubsistence herding, the progressive destructuring of pastoral families, the development of the rural and gastronomic tourism in the last decades and the increased visibility of indigenous communities and the revaluation of their practices.
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