Propiedades físicas en suelos bajo siembra directa del sudoeste bonaerense
; Duval, Matias Ezequiel
; Martinez, Juan Manuel
; Galantini, Juan Alberto Otros responsables
Fecha
2018
Editorial
Asociación Argentina de la Ciencia del Suelo
Revista
Título del libro
Compactaciones naturales y antrópicas en suelos argentinos
Nombre del evento
Fecha del evento
Institución organizadora
ISSN
eISSN
ISBN
978-987-46870-1-2
Idioma
Español
Tipo del evento
Clasificación temática
Palabras clave
Resumen
Las propiedades físicas del suelo poseen gran importancia como reguladoras de varios procesos que afectan el funcionamiento de los agroecosistemas. Sin embargo, debido a que los problemas físicos son complejos, persistentes, difíciles de solucionar, muchas veces no se reconoce su importancia y sus efectos son atribuidos a otras causas. De esta manera, a partir de la gran expansión de la siembra directa (SD) en la zona semiárida-subhúmeda del sudoeste bonaerense (SOB), es necesario ampliar el conocimiento de los factores que afectan la calidad física en suelos bajo SD. Además, en el presente capítulose incluyeron algunos aspectos a tener presentes en el futuro para la adecuada implementación de la SD en la región, que permitan el desarrollo de la agricultura de conservación (AC). Los suelos bajo SD de la región presentan grandes variaciones en la acumulación de residuos en superficie y una gran proporción no poseen una adecuada cobertura (>30%), requisito necesario de la AC. Por lo tanto, en estudios que evalúen el efecto de la SD es fundamental detallar tanto la cantidad de residuos como la cobertura del suelo. En cuanto a la porosidad del suelo, la principal limitante se asoció a una baja macroporosidad (poros >30 µm) que afectaría la aireación del suelo y el crecimiento de raíces. Si bien no es posible atribuir la pérdida de macroporosidad a la SD, la forma en que se ha implementado la misma en la región (e.g. utilización en suelos con piso de arado, falta de rotaciones, escasa cobertura del suelo) no ha sido capaz de revertir los problemas de degradación física. En suelos bajo SD del SOB es necesario el desarrollo de prácticas de manejo que contribuyan a la regeneración biótica de la estructura, para asegurar una adecuada calidad física. Además, en la región sería muy importante el aumento de la cobertura del suelo y el establecimiento de rotaciones de cultivos, que permita avanzar hacia la AC.
Soil physical quality has great importance as a regulator of several processes that affect the functioning of agroecosystems. However, because physical quality problems are complex, persistent, difficult to solve, often its importance is not recognized and its effects are attributed to other causes. Since the large expansion of no tillage (NT) in the southwest of Buenos Aires (SOB), it is needed a more detailed knowledge of the physical condition of soils under NT. In addition, in this chapter there were included some aspects to be considered in the future for the adequate implementation of the NT in the region, which would allow the development of conservation agriculture (CA). Soils under NT in the region showed great variations in the accumulation of surface residues and a large proportion did not have adequate soil cover (> 30%), a necessary requirement of CA. Therefore, in studies that evaluate the effect of NT it is crucial to detail both the amount of residues and the soil cover. In terms of soil porosity, the main limitation was associated with low macroporosity (pores> 30 μm) that would affect soil aeration and root growth. Although it is not possible to attribute the loss of macroporosity to NT management, the way in which it has been implemented in the region (e. g. used in soils with a plow pan, lack of rotations, scarce soil cover) has not been able to reverse the problems of physical degradation. In soils of the SOB under NT it is necessary the development of land management practices that contribute to the biotic regeneration of soil structure (e.g. pasture rotations, inclusion of crops with deep roots) to ensure adequate physical quality. In addition, in the region it would be very important to increase soil cover by residues and to establish crop rotations, to move towards CA.
Soil physical quality has great importance as a regulator of several processes that affect the functioning of agroecosystems. However, because physical quality problems are complex, persistent, difficult to solve, often its importance is not recognized and its effects are attributed to other causes. Since the large expansion of no tillage (NT) in the southwest of Buenos Aires (SOB), it is needed a more detailed knowledge of the physical condition of soils under NT. In addition, in this chapter there were included some aspects to be considered in the future for the adequate implementation of the NT in the region, which would allow the development of conservation agriculture (CA). Soils under NT in the region showed great variations in the accumulation of surface residues and a large proportion did not have adequate soil cover (> 30%), a necessary requirement of CA. Therefore, in studies that evaluate the effect of NT it is crucial to detail both the amount of residues and the soil cover. In terms of soil porosity, the main limitation was associated with low macroporosity (pores> 30 μm) that would affect soil aeration and root growth. Although it is not possible to attribute the loss of macroporosity to NT management, the way in which it has been implemented in the region (e. g. used in soils with a plow pan, lack of rotations, scarce soil cover) has not been able to reverse the problems of physical degradation. In soils of the SOB under NT it is necessary the development of land management practices that contribute to the biotic regeneration of soil structure (e.g. pasture rotations, inclusion of crops with deep roots) to ensure adequate physical quality. In addition, in the region it would be very important to increase soil cover by residues and to establish crop rotations, to move towards CA.
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