Viollet-le-Duc y la restauración arqueológica en el Valle de México: una revisión

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06/2017
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Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia
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2395-9479
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El Templo Mayor de México fue restaurado, y siguen sus obras. Pero en ninguno de los mil libros sobre él se de nen los criterios que determinaran que se lo hiciera de una manera y no de otra. Y en ese caso el por qué se tomaron esas decisiones. La arquitectura del Valle, desde Teotihuacan, Tenayuca, Teopanzolco y tantos otros casos, se restaura dejando liberadas las escaleras, cosa que jamás se haría en ciudades mayas o zapotecas o de la región costeña. Este criterio se remonta a una “mirada” de los hallazgos hecha por Leopoldo Batres en Templo Mayor en 1900 y que puso en evidencia material Manuel Gamio. Luego la concretó José Reygadas Vértiz. Pudo hacerse en Teotihuacan con la apropiación de un método teórico, la estratigrafía. Gracias a esa nueva forma de entender el pasado, Reygadas Vértiz y su ayudante Ignacio Marquina, como ingenieros y arquitectos, lograron de nir el método para consolidar esas estructuras. Quedó así instalado el método hasta la actualidad. La decisión de cómo restaurar y mostrar el edi cio no es “natural”, ni casual, ni obvio, es el resultado de un posicionamiento conceptual de nido que espera ser estudiado en profundidad. Este texto analiza algunas restauraciones de sitios prehispánicos en México a la luz de las ideas de Viollet-le-Duc.
The Templo Mayor of Mexico was restored, and the works continue. But nowhere in the thousand books about it can one find the criteria determining why it was done in one way and not another. The pre-Columbian architecture of the Valley of Mexico, including Teotihuacan, Tenayuca, Teopanzolco and many other cases, were restored by liberating the superimposed stairs, something which would have never be done in Mayan or Zapotec cities or in the coastal region. This criterion goes back to a proposal by Leopoldo Batres at the Templo Mayor in 1900 and evidenced by Manuel Gamio. It was then concretized by José Reygadas Vértiz. This was possible in Teotihuacan through the use of a new theoretical method, stratigraphy. Thanks to this new form of understanding the past, two of the members of Gamio’s team Reygadas Vértiz and his assistant Ignacio Marquina, as engineers and architects, were able to define a method to consolidate those structures. This method is still currently used. The decision of how to restore and display a building is not “natural”, nor casual, nor obvious. It is the result of a well-defined conceptual positioning, which still needs to be studied in depth. This article analyses a series of interventions at pre-Columbian sites in Mexico, in light of Viollet-le-Duc’s ideas.
The Templo Mayor of Mexico was restored, and the works continue. But nowhere in the thousand books about it can one find the criteria determining why it was done in one way and not another. The pre-Columbian architecture of the Valley of Mexico, including Teotihuacan, Tenayuca, Teopanzolco and many other cases, were restored by liberating the superimposed stairs, something which would have never be done in Mayan or Zapotec cities or in the coastal region. This criterion goes back to a proposal by Leopoldo Batres at the Templo Mayor in 1900 and evidenced by Manuel Gamio. It was then concretized by José Reygadas Vértiz. This was possible in Teotihuacan through the use of a new theoretical method, stratigraphy. Thanks to this new form of understanding the past, two of the members of Gamio’s team Reygadas Vértiz and his assistant Ignacio Marquina, as engineers and architects, were able to define a method to consolidate those structures. This method is still currently used. The decision of how to restore and display a building is not “natural”, nor casual, nor obvious. It is the result of a well-defined conceptual positioning, which still needs to be studied in depth. This article analyses a series of interventions at pre-Columbian sites in Mexico, in light of Viollet-le-Duc’s ideas.
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