Determining heterocyclic aromatic amines in aqueous samples: A novel dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction method based on solidification of floating organic drop and ultrasound assisted back extraction followed by UPLC-MS/MS

Abstract

A novel dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet combined with ultrasound assisted back extraction for the determination of four heterocyclic aromatic amines in natural water samples prior ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed. The analytes were extracted from the water samples by a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure based on solidification of floating organic drop, which was performed by a mixture composed by a less dense than water extraction solvent, 1-undecanol, and a dispersive solvent, methanol. After that, a novel ultrasound assisted back extraction step was performed in order to make the clean-up/enrichment procedure compatible with the detection requirements. Under optimum conditions, linearity ranged from 2.2 to 50 ng mL−1, with enrichment factors from 130 to 136-folds. Thus limits of detection between 0.7 and 2.9 ng mL−1 were obtained. Precision of the method was evaluated in terms of repeatability, relative standard deviations varied from 4.3% to 6.7%. Relative recoveries ranged from 92% to 106% for all analytes. The satisfactory performance demonstrated that the proposed methodology has a strong potential for application in the multi-residue analysis of heterocyclic aromatic amines present in complex environmental matrices.