Assessment of contamination levels of watercourses and streambed sediments downstream the Capillitas Mine, Catamarca, Argentina
; Valenzuela, María Fernanda ; Ferro, Leonardo Fabio Otros responsables
Fecha
05/2023
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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de Geociencias
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Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas
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1026-8774
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El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el grado de contaminación por metales pesados y metaloides en varios arroyos ubicados aguas abajo de la Mina Capillitas (Catamarca, Argentina), un depósito vetiforme epitermal que en el pasado fue explotado por Cu, Au y Ag, y del que actualmente se extrae rodocrosita. Se realizaron análisis químicos de iones mayoritarios y elementos traza para tres arroyos (Ortíz, Ácido y Capillitas) y un pequeño estanque, ubicado pocos metros por encima del cauce del arroyo Ortíz, que presenta una delgada capa color turquesa en su fondo. Por otra parte se determinó la concentración de elementos pesados y metaloides en sedimentos de fondo de los arroyos Ortíz y Capillitas por ICP-OES y se calcularon los índices de geoacumulación (Igeo) para As, Cd, Zn, Cu, Mn y Pb. De acuerdo a su contenido de iones mayoritarios las aguas analizadas son de tipo sulfatadas-cálcicas. Los arroyos Ácido y Ortíz así como el ‘estanque turquesa’ presentan concentraciones de Al, Mn, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni y Pb que exceden largamente los niveles guía establecidos en la legislación argentina tanto para protección de vida acuática como para aguas de irrigación. Antes de su confluencia con el arroyo Ortíz el arroyo Capillitas presenta menores concentraciones de metales pesados que los otros arroyos analizados. Sin embargo, sus contenidos de Mn, Zn, Cu y Pb exceden los niveles guía de protección de vida acuática. De acuerdo a los valores de Igeo obtenidos los sedimentos de lecho del arroyo Ortíz se encuentran extremadamente contaminados por Cd, Zn y Pb, en tanto que varían entre fuerte a extremadamente contaminados por Cu, As y Mn en los tres puntos de muestreo. Los sedimentos de lecho del arroyo Capillitas presentan contenidos más bajos de metales y metaloides que los del arroyo Ortíz pero se encuentran fuertemente contaminados por Cd, moderadamente contaminados por Cu y no contaminados a moderadamente contaminados por Pb y Zn.La contaminación generada por las actividades mineras desarrolladas desde mediados del siglo XIX en la Mina Capillitas evidencia la necesidad de tomar medidas tendientes a mejorar el manejo de los desechos mineros, para adecuarlo a los estándares actuales.
The present study evaluates the degree of contamination by heavy metals and metalloids of streams affected by upstream mining activities in Capillitas Mine (Catamarca, Argentina), an epithermal preciousand base-metal vein deposit previously mined for copper, gold and silver and currently exploited for rhodochrosite. Geochemical water analyses were performed on three streams (Ortíz, Acid and Capillitas) and a small pond that shows a very thin layer of turquoise-colored precipitates at its bottom. Additionally, the environmental risk factor was calculated. Moreover, the concentrations of potential toxic elements in sediments from the Ortíz and Capillitas streams were determined by ICP-OES and the Index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) for As, Cd, Zn, Cu, Mn and Pb was computed. According to their major ions concentration, the four water samples correspond to calcium SO4 waters. The Acid and Ortíz streams and the turquoise pond show concentrations of Al, Mn, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and Pb that largely exceed the permissible limits for the protection of aquatic life and irrigation waters according to the legislation of Argentina. The Capillitas stream has a lower content of heavy metals but shows concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb exceeding the limit values for protection of aquatic life. According to the obtained Igeo, the three streambed sediments from the Ortíz creek are extremely polluted with Cd, Zn and Pb, whereas they range from strongly to extremely polluted with Cu, As and Mn. The sediments from Capillitas creek show lower contents of metals and metalloids; though it is strongly polluted with Cd, moderately polluted with Cu and unpolluted to moderately polluted with Pb and Zn. The pollution generated by the long-lasting mining activities in the Capillitas Mine highlights the need to implement Government initiatives leading to improve mine tailings management.
The present study evaluates the degree of contamination by heavy metals and metalloids of streams affected by upstream mining activities in Capillitas Mine (Catamarca, Argentina), an epithermal preciousand base-metal vein deposit previously mined for copper, gold and silver and currently exploited for rhodochrosite. Geochemical water analyses were performed on three streams (Ortíz, Acid and Capillitas) and a small pond that shows a very thin layer of turquoise-colored precipitates at its bottom. Additionally, the environmental risk factor was calculated. Moreover, the concentrations of potential toxic elements in sediments from the Ortíz and Capillitas streams were determined by ICP-OES and the Index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) for As, Cd, Zn, Cu, Mn and Pb was computed. According to their major ions concentration, the four water samples correspond to calcium SO4 waters. The Acid and Ortíz streams and the turquoise pond show concentrations of Al, Mn, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and Pb that largely exceed the permissible limits for the protection of aquatic life and irrigation waters according to the legislation of Argentina. The Capillitas stream has a lower content of heavy metals but shows concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb exceeding the limit values for protection of aquatic life. According to the obtained Igeo, the three streambed sediments from the Ortíz creek are extremely polluted with Cd, Zn and Pb, whereas they range from strongly to extremely polluted with Cu, As and Mn. The sediments from Capillitas creek show lower contents of metals and metalloids; though it is strongly polluted with Cd, moderately polluted with Cu and unpolluted to moderately polluted with Pb and Zn. The pollution generated by the long-lasting mining activities in the Capillitas Mine highlights the need to implement Government initiatives leading to improve mine tailings management.
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