Transformative governance based on local ecological knowledge is impossible without genuine inclusion of indigenous peoples and local communities in NW Patagonia

Abstract

In addressing the question, "Does local, national, and international governance have a primary 8 role in shaping the resilience of local ecological knowledge (LEK)?", I first emphasize the 9 importance of ethnobiology in highlighting effective local biodiversity governance practices 10 employed by Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IPLCs). The sustainable management 11 of these territories, showcases the deep connection between communities and their Local 12 ecological knowledge (LEK), which has been vital in adapting to socio-environmental challenges 13 and fostering sustainable practices. Case studies from Northern Patagonia, Argentina, illustrate 14 how these communities have largely adapted to new circumstances on their own, despite 15 ongoing challenges. However, despite its importance for multi-level governance, the 16 integration of IPLCs into the decision-making processes of national and international 17 institutions, especially those responsible for policy, remains inadequate. For example, national 18 governments have often played a marginal or even counterproductive role in strengthening 19 LEK resilience. This is partly due to a failure to foster social cohesion after a long history of 20 societal whitening, which hinders empathy towards Indigenous Peoples. I propose a more 21 inclusive approach to knowledge co-production, grounded in robust ethnobiological evidence. 22 While this is not a complete solution, it can contribute to greater appreciation and empathy for 23 IPLCs. This would foster collaborative efforts, uniting IPLCs, scientists and policymakers to achieve transformative governance where LEK is genuinely valued and integrated into decision-1 making processes at all levels.