Advances in copper complexes in cancer treatment

Abstract

Copper complexes are a class of anticancer compounds studied for the treatment of various types of solid tumors, such as breast, lung, bone, prostate, and ovarian tumors, among others. These compounds have several effects on tumor cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis. The chemistry and anticancer activity of copper-based complexes are summarized in this review based on preclinical and clinical research that focuses on structure–activity relationships, molecular targets, and investigation of the mechanism of action and cell death underlying their anticancer activity.