Propiedades geoquímicas y magnéticas de sedimentos como indicadores de contaminación. Caso de estudio: Río Suquía, Córdoba, Argentina
; Lecomte, Karina Leticia
; Pasquini, Andrea Ines
; Mansilla, Estefania Gisele
; Chaparro, Marcos Adrián Eduardo 
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Fecha
07/2019
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Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de Geociencias
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Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas
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1026-8774
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La cuenca del río Suquía (superficie ~6.300 km2) es un sistema hidrológico de mediana extensión, ubicado en la provincia de Córdoba, en la región central de Argentina. El río Suquía nace aguas abajo del lago San Roque, discurre por sectores serranos, atraviesa una ciudad densamente poblada (Córdoba Capital 1,5 millones de habitantes) y continua su curso por la llanura chaco-pampeana donde se desarrollan actividades agrícola-ganaderas. Debido a diversas actividades urbanas e industriales, el río recibe a lo largo de su curso aportes contaminantes, los cuales se depositan aguas abajo en el lecho del mismo. Los resultados geoquímicos y magnéticos sobre los sedimentos de fondo (esto es, los sedimentos depositados en el lecho principal del río) permitieron evaluar el grado de contaminación de este sistema natural con alteración antrópica. Se extrajeron muestras de sedimento de fondo del cauce del río y se separaron distintas fracciones granulométricas para determinaciones magnéticas. Se utilizaron métodos de magnetismo ambiental (susceptibilidad magnética y magnetización remanente anhistérica) para la identificación y cuantificación de minerales magnéticos, entre ellos, ferrimagnéticos del tipo magnetita. En la fracción limo-arcilla (<62,5 m) se determinaron óxidos mayoritarios y elementos traza. Desde el punto de vista geoquímico los sedimentos evidencian un bajo grado de madurez mineralógica y son equivalentes a lutitas y lutitas ricas en Fe. Los índices de contaminación (Igeo, FE, C.U.I.) arrojaron los valores más altos en el área serrana (periurbana) donde también se registraron los mayores valores de susceptibilidad magnética, debido a factores naturales potenciados por la explotación de canteras. En el área urbana se registraron los valores más bajos de contaminación, mientras que, en la zona rural, se determinó un grado de contaminación moderado a alto asociado a las actividades agrícolas propias del uso de la tierra. De este modo, los procesos que dan origen a las características geoquímicas y magnéticas de estos sedimentos se diferencian espacialmente a lo largo de la cuenca y se deben al efecto de factores tanto naturales como antrópicos. Además las concentraciones de metales en los sedimentos se han incrementado en la última década en toda la cuenca. La correlación significativa entre variables geoquímicas y parámetros magnéticos demuestra la potencialidad de estudios combinados como una metodología de monitoreo ambiental en sistemas hídricos.
The Suquía river basin (area ~6300 km2) is a medium-sized hydrological system located in the province of Córdoba, in the central region of Argentine. The Suquía river derives from the San Roque lake. This river flows through mountainous areas, crosses a densely populated city (Córdoba: 1.5 million inhabitants) and continues its course through the Chaco-Pampean plain, where agriculture and livestock farming are typical anthropic activities. The Suquía river receives along its course diverse polluting contributions. The degree of contamination of this natural system was evaluated through geochemical and magnetic analyses. For this purpose, sediment samples were collected from the river bed. The environmental magnetism methods (magnetic susceptibility and anhysteretic remanent magnetization) were carried out in order to determine and quantify the magnetic minerals. Major oxides and trace elements were determined in the < 62.5 Μm fraction. The sediments show a low degree of mineralogical maturity and are equivalent to shales and Fe-shales. Diverse contamination indices showed the highest values in the mountainous area where the most elevated measurements of magnetic susceptibility were also registered. This is interpreted as consequence of natural factors enhanced by quarries exploitation. The lowest levels of pollution were recorded in the urban area, while in the rural area, a moderate to high degree of pollution associated with agricultural activities was determined. Thus, the processes that originate the geochemical and magnetic characteristics of these sediments are spatially differentiated throughout the basin and are due to the effect of both natural and anthropogenic factors. In addition, metal concentrations have increased in the last decade throughout the basin. A significant correlation between geochemical variables and magnetic parameters was determined, proving the potential of combined studies as a methodology for environmental monitoring in hydrological systems.
The Suquía river basin (area ~6300 km2) is a medium-sized hydrological system located in the province of Córdoba, in the central region of Argentine. The Suquía river derives from the San Roque lake. This river flows through mountainous areas, crosses a densely populated city (Córdoba: 1.5 million inhabitants) and continues its course through the Chaco-Pampean plain, where agriculture and livestock farming are typical anthropic activities. The Suquía river receives along its course diverse polluting contributions. The degree of contamination of this natural system was evaluated through geochemical and magnetic analyses. For this purpose, sediment samples were collected from the river bed. The environmental magnetism methods (magnetic susceptibility and anhysteretic remanent magnetization) were carried out in order to determine and quantify the magnetic minerals. Major oxides and trace elements were determined in the < 62.5 Μm fraction. The sediments show a low degree of mineralogical maturity and are equivalent to shales and Fe-shales. Diverse contamination indices showed the highest values in the mountainous area where the most elevated measurements of magnetic susceptibility were also registered. This is interpreted as consequence of natural factors enhanced by quarries exploitation. The lowest levels of pollution were recorded in the urban area, while in the rural area, a moderate to high degree of pollution associated with agricultural activities was determined. Thus, the processes that originate the geochemical and magnetic characteristics of these sediments are spatially differentiated throughout the basin and are due to the effect of both natural and anthropogenic factors. In addition, metal concentrations have increased in the last decade throughout the basin. A significant correlation between geochemical variables and magnetic parameters was determined, proving the potential of combined studies as a methodology for environmental monitoring in hydrological systems.
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