Pensiones básicas en América Latina: Diseño, cobertura y beneficios comparados en Argentina, Brasil, Bolivia y Chile
; Chahbenderian, Florencia 
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Fecha
04/2014
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Centro Interdisciplinario para el Estudio de las Políticas Públicas
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Documentos de Trabajo CIEPP
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1668-5245
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Español
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Resumen
En América Latina, los sistemas de seguridad social contributivos de raíz Bismarckiana no han logrado alcanzar una cobertura universal en la protección económica de los adultos mayores. Recientemente, varios países latinoamericanos impulsaron políticas orientadas a expandir la cobertura a través de prestaciones no contributivas o semi-contributivas. Estas “pensiones básicas” son beneficios que no se encuentran estrictamente ligados a las contribuciones y el empleo formal y permiten extender la protección a una población más amplia. Se crearon nuevos programas o se expandieron o reformaron programas preexistentes ampliando el número de beneficios y la cobertura. En este documento se analiza comparativamente esta experiencia en cuatro países latinoamericanos: Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil y Chile. Estos países se caracterizan por haber logrado niveles altos de cobertura de los adultos mayores a través de estrategias específicas diferentes. Su estudio comparado refleja tanto la similar trayectoria (hacia las pensiones básicas y la ampliación de la cobertura) como la variedad de alternativas de diseño implementadas y su impacto sobre la protección social efectiva de los adultos mayores.
In Latin America, contributory social security systems with Bismarckian roots have not achieved universal old age protection coverage. Recently, several Latin American countries have adopted policies to expand coverage through non-contributory or semi-contributory benefits. These "basic pensions" are old-age benefits that are not strictly linked to contributions and formal employment and make it possible to extend social protection to a broader population. New programs were created and existing programs expanded or reformed, increasing the number of benefits and the level of coverage. This paper comparatively analyzes the experience in four Latin American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Chile. These countries are characterized by having achieved high levels of coverage for older adults using different specific policy strategies. The comparative study reflects similar path (towards the basic pension and the extension of coverage) across countries as well as a variety of policy design alternatives and impacts on effective social protection of the elderly.
In Latin America, contributory social security systems with Bismarckian roots have not achieved universal old age protection coverage. Recently, several Latin American countries have adopted policies to expand coverage through non-contributory or semi-contributory benefits. These "basic pensions" are old-age benefits that are not strictly linked to contributions and formal employment and make it possible to extend social protection to a broader population. New programs were created and existing programs expanded or reformed, increasing the number of benefits and the level of coverage. This paper comparatively analyzes the experience in four Latin American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Chile. These countries are characterized by having achieved high levels of coverage for older adults using different specific policy strategies. The comparative study reflects similar path (towards the basic pension and the extension of coverage) across countries as well as a variety of policy design alternatives and impacts on effective social protection of the elderly.
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